The introduction 

  Background information 

  Water is one of the most crucial resources in the human society, which can bring conflict for the different countries or societies. 

   The definition of water conflict:  + citation

Trigger: Water as a trigger or root cause of conflict, where there is a dispute over the control of water or water systems or where economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water, triggers violence.

Weapon: Water as a weapon of conflict, where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict.

Casualty: Water resources or water systems as a casualty of conflict, where water resources, or water systems, are intentional or incidental casualties or targets of violence.

   It is argued that : 21st century wars will be fought over water

   

   Personally view:  do not think so

                

   Main ideas and thesis statement 

  A water conflict is definitely an important issue, when the society do not have enough technology to tackle the shortage of water in the old days, it indeedly May lead to a serious war .

  However,  there are a large number of new water saving technology such as sewage purification in the modern society. It can ease the water supply pressure which keeps the situation from deteriorating into the war

  In addition, nowadays, the wars and anxiety of the 21st century should be fought over many more crucial international problems  for example nuclear weapons or deposition.

     

  The A main paragraph 

  

Topic sentence:  the water conflict and shortage is definitely an important issue.

example: Yeman water conflict and cooperation 

        Emphasize the detrimental effects of water conflict in Yeman to support the idea that water conflict is one of the most important resources problems in the world 

         And + the citation of specfic data of Yeman and water conflict

         In conclusion ++++restatement of your paragraph ideas

The B main paragraphs 

Topic sentences :In 21st century, we have many advanced and mature technology to tackle water shortage

Example: also the Yeman water conflict but emphasize on their outcome when they introduce the advanced water using technology

And + the citation of specfic data of Yeman and water conflict

 In conclusion ++++restatement of your paragraph ideas

  

The C main paragraph 

Topic sentences: agree that the water conflict is exist ,but 21st war can not be fought over the water

   1. in the modern society especially in the 21st century, which is always seemed as the most democratic century in the human history,  the cost of starting a war has risen considerably , because almost every countries have the heavy weapon even nuclear weapon , which make the outcome of a war is heavier than 20th or 19th century. 

       Use the data contrast of war outcome today war and 19th war

    2.there are many international treaties or restriction for a country to start a war. And the current world pattern is a state of relative checks and balance , so any side of the war can hardly get the profit easily, that said ,a campaign to grab resource may not pay off, even for the most important resource, countries may not choose to start a war , let alone for the water whose shortage can solved by the technology. 

    3.the cause of modern warfare are often complex and comprehensive, war makers tend to be deliberate , the resource shortage is just served as the excuse not the real reason.

     For example ,the cause of Iraq war

 

 

H.Gleick, P. and Heberger, M. (2011). Water and Conflict. [online] water.org. Available at: http://worldwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/www8-water-conflict-events-trends-analysis.pdf [Accessed 3 Feb. 2011].

 

Elisha Sawe, B. (2019). What are the differences between a battle and a war. [online] WORLD FACTS.Availableat:https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-differences-between-a-battle-and-a-war.html [Accessed 12 Apr. 2019].

 

Harvey, F. (2013). Global majority faces water shortages 'within two generations'. [online] The Guardian.Availableat:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/may/24/global-majority-water-shortages-two-generations [Accessed 24 May 2013].

 

The food and and agricultural organization of United Nation. (2016). water use. [online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use/index.stm [Accessed 28 Apr. 2016].

 

Harvey, F. (2018). Water shortages to be key environmental challenge of the century, Nasa warns. [online]TheGuardian.Availableat:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/16/water-shortages-to-be-key-environmental-challenge-of-the-century-nasa-warns [Accessed 16 May 2018].

 

Wolf, A. (2007). Shared Waters: Conflict and Cooperation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32(1), pp.241-269.

 

Pacific Institute (2019) Water Conflict Chronology. Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA. https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/. Accessed: (access date).

 

Ruth, M. and Claudia, R. (2006). Water Reallocation: Challenges, Threats, and Solutions for the Poor. [online] Human Development Report Office OCCASIONAL PAPER. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/water-reallocation [Accessed 1 Apr. 2006].

 

Zhu, Z., Peng, D. and Wang, H. (2018). Seawater desalination in China: an overview. [online] IWA Publishing.Availableat:https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article/9/2/115/64192/Seawater-desalination-in-China-an-overview [Accessed 24 May 2018].

 

Freddie, R. (2002). ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION. [online]Availableat:https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/36203177/ADofSDI.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar. 2002].

 

David, S. (2015). Israel drip irrigation pioneer says his tech feeds a billion people. [online] timesofisrael.com.Availableat:https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-drip-irrigation-pioneer-our-tech-feeds-a-billion-people/ [Accessed 21 Apr. 2015].

 

Mary, K. (2010). Inconclusive Wars: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant in these Global Times?. [online] Wiley Online Library. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00041.x [Accessed 4 Oct. 2019].

 

Eric, H. (2002). War and peace. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/feb/23/artsandhumanities.highereducation [Accessed 23 Feb. 2002].

 

Jacob, B. (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. [online] JSTOR.ORG. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.106467 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2009].

 

Baker, D. (2007), The Economic Impact of the Iraq War and Higher Military Spending, Centre for Economic and Policy Research, viewed 1 October 2011, http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/military_ spending_2007_05.pdf