• Balkans in Southeastern Europe across Anatolia

• Central Asia

• Arabia

• North Africa

• Explored to → Egypt, Syria, Algiers, and Hungary

Mughals: (1526-1757)

• Mainly located in the Indian subcontinent

• Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal, by the time of Akbar’s death

• Northern India

• Explored mainly to → South Asia and India

Safavids: (1501-1722)

• Modern day Iran

• Afghanistan

• Iran

• Syria

• Parts of Russia and Turkey

• Explored to → Central Asia and Persia

• Exploration by Christopher Columbus in 1492 across Atlantic Ocean to Carribean Islands

• Half of South America

• Central America

• North America 

England:

• New England

• Virginia

• Maryland

• Exploration and settlements in Bermudas, Honduras, Antigua, Barbados, and Nova Scotia

France:

• Mainly North America

• Northwest Africa and Southeast Asia

• Explored to → West Indies and Guiana

Songhai Kingdom: (1464-1600)

• West Africa

• Reached the Niger River

• Explored and extended → Atlantic coast and Nigeria

Mali Empire: (1235-1600s)

• Gambia

• West Senegal

• Explored and expanded mainly in → Sahara Desert to coastal forests

• Central Mexico 

• Tenochtitlan

• Explored to → Guatemalan border

Inca Empire: (1438-1533)

• Present-day Peru

• South America

• Exploration of Cusco and other territories

There were a variety of internal and external problems in the middle east. These included things such as wars,religious conflicts, the black plague and different ethnic disparities and the short lived empires such as the Umayyadd. Later on there were also problems between gunpowder empires,primarily the Ottomans and the Safavids. Decentralization of the Abbasids as a result of to many different Dynasties.

• The sunni, Shia divide

• Wars between the Abbasids, Buyids, Seljuks and the Fatimids

• Gunpowder wars between the Ottomans and the Safavids.

• The Black Plague leading to many deaths

• Decentralization of the Abbasids.

• The rise of different slave empires decentralizing and taking over the throne of the Abbasid dynasty.

External problems in the middle east.

• Mongol Invasions causing the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate

• War from the Crusading Europeans

• Empires such as the Ottomans losing their power on the world board after not becoming an overseas empire.

Overall Africa had more external problems than internal problems, as prior to European colonization, Africa was doing relatively well. The only major internal problems were the wars between rival African nations and the fall of the Malian empire. Along with that there were other problems of rival African nations taking eachothers people for slavery. There was also a religious divide between traditional African beliefs, Islam and Christianity.

• Conflicts between Islam,Christianity and traditional African religions leading to many conflicts overall.

• Wars between rival African nations such as Songhay and Mali.

External problems for Africa.

• Europeans coming in and taking over much of the land.

• Islam spreading over and taking over much of the continent.

• The slave trade both the Trans Saharan and Atlantic slave trade.

• Many Bantu people in South Africa had to migrate up north after the arrival of the dutch.

• Black Death 1346-1353.

• Hundred Years Wars 1337-1453.

• Feudalism and feudalistic societies having a very corrupt monarchy.

• Black death leading to labor shortages.

• Conflicts between the Roman Catholic church and monarchies.

• Bargaining power of peasants.

• Religious disputes include the great schism

• Protestant reformation

• The deformation of empires

• Germanic tribes such as the franks and angelos being threats to the large empires such as the Romans.

• Europe at times being behind in technology of regions such as the middle east and east Asia.

• The enlightenment and Renaissance pushing people away from former religious ideas.

• The fall of the Roman catholic church.

External problems in Europe

Overall Europe had its fair share of external issues. These issues mainly included things with warfare. Such as the Mongol invasions of Europe or the Ottomans who were major threats after they had taken over the city of Constantinople. Religious issues from Europe had lingered outside of it, these mainly include the crusades which were a series of war campaigns led by Europe to restore the holy lands from the middle east. Other external problems were with overseas empires and trading in particular as often European states would tend to rival each other. For example the English and French tended to wage many wars against each other in North America.

• Main goal was to expand further in China

• Explored to → India’s southwest coast and the Persian Gulf

Qing: (1644-1911)

• Present-day China, Central Asia, Mongolia, and parts of Russia

• Explored to → Northeast China

The Mongols: 1206-1368

• Had rapidly taken over Eastern Asia and had proved themselves a danger to the Song dynasty, eventually defeated them and caused mass killing and destruction in the region.

• Replaced Song dynasty with the Yuan Dynasty

• Responsible for the Black death which developed in 1320 

• Had captured and defeated all Turkic tribes in central Asia.

• Attempted to overrun Japan

• Successfully took over Korea

• Resulted in a death toll of 20-57 Million people

The Yuan Dynasty:1279-1369

• Mongol replacement of the Song Dynasty.

• Yuan dynasty leader Kublai Khan was treated with backlash and resentment.

• Overthrown by the Ming Dynasty

• Started wars in Vietnam

• Spanned over all of China and Korea

The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

• Came and toppled the Yuan dynasty

• Eradicated Mongols out of eastern Asia and China

1. Magnetic compass

2. Astrolabe

3. astronomical charts

4. Lateen sails were adopted by the Europeans from Arab merchants (triangular sails)

5. Cartography and maps

6. Europeans had learned modern map making techniques from Muslims and Byzantines 

7. Portuguese caravel

8. Carrack - designed by the Portuguese made for longer distance trade. Used by Spanish and Portuguese to conquer the Americas, establish spice trade in Asia, and cross the Atlantic 

9. Spanish galleons

10. Dutch fluyt