Chapter 1 by Phong Yung Liang (Student)

Chapter 1: States of Matter

y102023001 — 2024-04-16 03:57:53 UTC

1.1 States of Matter

y102023001 — 2024-04-16 03:59:09 UTC

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there are 3 states of matter

-> solid

-> liquid

-> gas

1.2 Kinetic Particle Theory

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All matter us made up of tiny particles that are in constant random motion

(a) SOLIDS

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--> solids have fixed shape and fixed volume

--> solids have high density

Particles in solid are close together, so they vibrate in fixed positions

(b) LIQUID

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--> Liquids also have a fixed volume but adopt the shape of the container

--> They are generally less dense than solids (an exception is water), but much denser than gases

--> The particles move and slide past each other which is why liquids adopt the shape of the container and also why they are able to flow freely

Why does a solid have a fixed shape?

y102023001 — 2024-04-16 04:19:22 UTC

Closely packed in an orderly manner
Are held together by very strong forces of attraction
Have enough kinetic energy to vibrate and rotate about their fixed position only
Cannot move freely

(c) GAS

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-->Gases do not have a fixed volume

--> low density

--> Since there is a lot of space between the particles, gases can be compressed into a much smaller volume

-->They collide with each other and with the sides of the container (this is how pressure is created inside a can of gas)

1.3 CHANGES OF STATES

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--> Matter can change states when it is heated or cooled

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melting = solid to liquid

freezing= liquid to solid

boiling= liquid to gas

evaporation= liquid to gas

condensation= gas to liquid

differences between boiling and evaporation

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--> occurs at boiling point

--> occurs throughout the liquid

--> occurs rapidly

evaporation

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-->occurs at temperature below boiling point

--> occurs only at the surface of the liquid

--> occurs slowly

Different substance have different melting point & boiling point

y102023012 — 2024-04-17 01:04:11 UTC