There was not a lot of pollution back in BC - 1200 AD, however there were still carbon dioxide traces coming from early civilizations burning wood, as well as environmental factors such as volcanic eruptions.

2. How much water pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

Water pollution back in ancient civilization was minimal, as the only “harmful” substance that was being dumped into rivers and lakes were human/animal waste.

3. How did humans get most of the energy they needed to survive?

Humans during ancient times relied on hunting and gathering to collect their food, as well as farming/growing agriculture near open and running  water sources such as rivers.

4. Was conservation being practiced anywhere in the world?  How?

Back in these times there were no practices of conservation, due to the fact that ancient civilizations were too focused on sustaining their lives, they did not care about anything else.

5. Why was lead poisoning a problem?

Lead poisoning was a problem because of the widespread use of it. People were exposed to lead without realizing, which caused many poisoning cases, resulting in high statistics of death.

23.  What was the “burning river?”

The “Burning River”, its true name being the Cuyahoga River, was a river that burned in 1969 and sparked an environmental movement within the USA, initiating the first “Earth Day”. This river was severely polluted, containing oil and many debris to fuel the fire. A flare tossed from an overpassing train was most likely the cause of the ignition of the fire. This outburst led to the formation of The Clean Water Act of 1972.

24. What is the name of Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism?

The name of Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism is the “Silent Spring”, published in 1962.

There was not much water pollution, as the main source of it came from human/animal waste. However compared to ancient civilization, there was an increase due to new technology being discovered, and the materials/process needed to make them. For example, new dyes were being discovered, and part of the process to dye a tunic was to wash it in running water.

7. How much wood was being harvested?  What effects was this having?

Wood was being harvested for buildings, firewood, bots, and weaponry. More wood was being consumed faster than it was replenish, causing a mini deforestation around the nearby areas.

The environmental protection agency. (EPA)

26. How was air pollution reduced?

Air pollution was reduced with the introduction of the Clean Air Act, the National Air pollution Control Administration (NAPCA), 

27. How was water pollution reduced?
    Water Pollution was reduced with the Clean Water Act of 1972.

28. What two new sources of pollution begin causing concern?
    Oil and Air pollution

16.  What types of reforms were occurring?

In New York a reform was ordered on someone to clean the streets.

17. What did Theodore Roosevelt fight for?

Roosevelt fought for the food and drug act law.

18. What new organizations were formed?

The biggest organization formed was the AFL, American Federation of Labor.

Enlightenment

9.  What causes did people begin to take up to improve the world? 

10. What did Thomas Malthus predict? He predicted that the population would grow exponentially while the food supply would grow arithmetically eventually leading to world hunger. 

11. Give examples of new pollution affecting the world. Urban pollution led to issues with waste disposal and sanitation. Deforestation was an issue caused by urbanization.

12.  Why did sanitation become so important? Outbreaks of diseases, often linked to poor sanitation, underscored the urgent need for better waste management and cleanliness. For instance, the cholera outbreaks in the mid-19th century revealed the crucial role of clean water and proper sewage systems.

13. How was the air pollution at this time? It was really bad.  The burning of coal and other industrial activities released particulate matter and pollutants like sulfur dioxide into the air, leading to a rise in respiratory ailments such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic lung conditions.

14. How was the water pollution at this time? It was bad. Urban areas, which were expanding rapidly, faced challenges in managing human waste and sewage. In many cities, there were no adequate sewage systems, leading to the direct discharge of untreated sewage into rivers and other water bodies.

15. What happened when the “Mother of the Forest” was cut down?  Cutting down the "Mother of the Forest" had big impacts. It harmed the environment, upset people, and highlighted the need for conservation. This event helped kick-start the environmental movement that aims to protect important natural resources today.

President Clinton protected 58 million acres of national forest.

34. How does the Bush presidency handle global warming and climate change?

They explored oils, the construction of coal and nuclear power plants, many research funding cuts. He had the most anti environmental record of any president.

35. How does the world react to leaded gasoline?

It was banned by the EU for its public hazards.

19. What was the purpose of the National Coast Anti-Pollution League?

The purpose of the National Coast Anti-Pollution League was to prevent oil dumping.

20. What type of gasoline was used for the first autos?

The type of gasoline used for the first autos was the coal gas.

21. What was the chemistry movement fighting for?

They were fighting for effective mRNA vaccines.

They first noticed in LA when the city was covered in smog due to the increase in cars.

Some major disasters that occurred during this time were the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, where a gas leak killed thousands, the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, which caused widespread radiation exposure, and Mount St. Helens eruption, which was the deadliest volcanic event in U.S. history

30. What two major issues involving the Earth’s atmosphere arise?

Ozone layer depletion due to CFCs, leading to the "ozone hole," and global warming from increased greenhouse gas emissions, raising concerns about climate change