• Mass Media presenting what the large audiences want and like on different platform or media, unbothered whether you like it or not. You could either listen or not to listen. Content are limited and restricted.
• New Media (Present Media) focus on what you like, watch, see or what to decide. Audiences can customized what they choose to look and listen at, by selecting themselves, given the freedom of it.

User-Generated Content 

• Mass Media only allows people who works at that particular firms can generate content/ suggest/ produce - Advertisement, Production firm etc.
• Present media allows people to create and develop your own content that you want - its about you or about others on the platform provided like Youtube and Facebook.

Media has become Digital Form 

• 1s and 0s, a Binary Code represents text, computer processor instructions, or any other data using a two-symbol system.
• Everything you upload online/ content has been converted in 1s and 0s and become digital based.
• (Newspaper - Mass Media)

• (Newspaper - New Media)

• (Music - Mass Media)

• (Music - New Media)

• (Picture - Mass Media)

• (Picture - New Media)

Changes on Media Production

• Back Then for Media Production

• Current Media Production

Global Content 

Better Interactivity 

• Mass Media

• Present Media 

More Mobile 

• Then 

• Now

• People who thinks, review and question about the information and messages from the media before absorbing and accepting it 

Passive Audiences

• Magic- Bullet Theory/ Hyperdermic Middle Theory
• People who blindly support, accept and digest the information that sent out by the media.
• It acts as a control system by the domain group 
• Ex: Government uses Media to tell you how good are they, but covering the scandal behind them via media.

• Cultural Background, Parents, Education, any form of parties in your life that create an awareness that what you should trust and what you shouldn’t trust 
• Lecture: All students should be Active – Do you really digest and believe it ?
• In Malaysia, School always expect and push you to believe what teacher say, to be a Passive Audience, absorb what the teacher had said, cause what they said are always right, but in fact, is it really true ?

Fear and Moral Panic 

• If you think and accept what it is, it will influence what action that you take 
• You will truly believe and take it passively, perhaps you will do something crazy that are against moral 
• Ex: Holocaust – Hitler (Superiority of the Aryan Races) – Demoralized their rationality and killing others (Humanity)

Self Identity 

• Who Am I ?
• Who should I be ?
• What kind of information should I get and showcase myself in order to showcase my identity 

• Elements that cannot be changed, fixed 
• Cannot avoid and change it 
• But bind to it 
• Ex: Law (It’s written in stone)

Agency 

• Fluid and Flexible 
• You can change and play around it 
• Due to structure, Agency makes it flexible from it being unchanged  
• Follow the legality of the law or structure and be flexible 

抖音  Douyin/ Tiktok 

YouTube

• The production itself is very expensive, not even inclusive of actors, actresses, makeup artist, other living expenses like hotel and transportation etc.
• The production fees inclusive of gadgets, crew, editing, shooting location and many more.
• Youtuber – How they out-stand themselves ? They invest more money in crew/team/ quality of the content/ camera/ gadgets/ talents besides their own creativity for the production. 

Unpredictable audience taste

• I have the best content/ best creativity which I found it funny/ I invest a lot of money in the story, production and also the promotion.
• However I don’t know whether people would like it or not/ does it meet the expectation target audience, gross that we aim and think it is?

Boy Group

• The concept of Boy Group has started many years ago (Backstreet Boys, Beatles, BTS, One Direction, EXO, Super Junior, West Life)
• The concept first start off with Backstreet Boys, then follow by West Life, NSYNC, One Direction
• Because they find Backstreet Boys is a huge success, hence they start to use this concept
• Then the phenomenon of Boy group has come from Western to the Asian (Super Junior, EXO, BTS, Stray Kids) and still remain a hit. 
• The same goes to Girl Groups – Spice Girls, S.E.S, GG, Red Velvet, Blackpink 
• They try once, and it works, so they continue to produce various version that similar style concept of it, with different generation to generate more profit – Boy Band 1.0, Boy Band 2.0, Boy Band 3.0.

Books

• An author wrote a best selling book Hence, the media noticed it, and buy the copyright of the book in order to shoot it as a movie to generates more profit. 
• Lesser the risk of unpredictable audience taste of audiences (cause its already best sellers, people has already loved it)
• Ex: Sword Art Online, Naruto, Crayon Sinchan, Twilight, Faults in our Stars, Harry Potter.

• When a media company wants to promote their new movie, shows, or videos, they go talk show, and promote – Ellen Degeneres, The Idol, I Can See your Voice, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon etc.
• Sometimes they will produce or have scandals, dating news, fighting news etc, to hype out the movie or the production to be well-known (its actually a way of promoting 炒作)

Casting A-Listers in your movie/ video/ shows/ media content 

• Shoot a movie and wanted to get attention from the public towards the movie, you find famous people to show cast them in your movie for more attraction and attention, using their popularity 流量
• Ex: Find Kim Kardashian to star in a movie despite she’s not good at acting, however she has the fame and also the gossip queen.
• It helps you to sell your media content.

• How does a celebrity become A-Listers?
• Take A Movie
• Won Awards in Ceremony – From the lowest to the highest rank (MTV, VMA, AMA, to Grammy)
• The higher rank you get, the higher value you are, the more you earn, the more further to A-listers you are

Citizens Journalist and Critics 

• Citizen Journalist and Critics (Get news coverage and covered news and information) – This is what content creators do 
• However, they are not professionals. 
• Everyone can be a journalist, Fashion Critics, Food Bloggers.
• Citizen Journalist has to sustain yourself by making themselves/ content interesting/ Sensational 主流
• Hence many professionals doesn’t like them, they want to be them but they are not qualified, should not be there.
• Lele Pons Vs Professional Model (Victoria Secret)
• Where’s the quality and where’s the standard?
• Professionals takes long time for study Journalism, however Citizens Journalist does not have the professional or similar background, but they do the same thing. 
• How far can the standard go ?

Disney 

• Pixar
• Marvel 
• ABC Studio
• National Geographic 
• Star Wars 
• 20th Century 

Time Warner

•  Cartoon Network
• TMZ
• CNN 
• TIME
• FORTUNE

• Malaysia Large Media Company 

Astro

• MY FM
• ERA FM
• HITZ FM

Media Prima

• One FM
• TonTon
• Big Tree
• Berita Harian

Conglomeration

• Merging of company
• Walt Disney or Warner Brother started on with a private own media company 
• Later they want to tap into other field, although without any management skills about it.
• Hence they bought away other companies - Radio, News, Broadcast, Production House
• The more you taking over the area, the easier you can control over certain something/ Power

Vertical Integration 

• Main Board company goes vertically down (Like Hierarchy Chart)
• Vertical Integration allows the main media company to process their product/ movie/ program one by one through their sub-companies (planning!)
• To make a movie -> Studio -> Buy a Movie Production House -> Buy tele-management company to scout actors and actresses to star in my movie -> Buy a cinema to play my movie (Platform) -> Amusement Park (Buy it because your movie is a success)
• Different from Horizontal Integration, Normally all of their company will named as the Main Company (BBC Radio, BBC Newspaper etc)

Horizontal Integration 

• I don't have a plan like vertical integration, however, when it comes to helping other same ownership company, all of my sub-companies can united and help each other to do so when the owner itself gave the order, cause it's my company I have the power to control.
• One of my sub-company, Cartoon Networks is promoting a new cartoon, and I want all of my other sub-company helps me to promote It – Selling Merchandises, Free Merchandises although no relation with one and another, however same ownership
• They will find a way to relate it, although it seems like non related.
• Ex: Promoting Cartoon Networks in TIME 
• Horizontal Integration – Does not change their name as Vertical Integration, Doesn’t want people to know these sub-company’s ownership.

• Cost Minimization, Have Profit 
• Avengers (Comes from Marvel, Disney). Hence using Horizontal Integration, Disney helps Marvel to promote by giving out Merchandises/ advertise via Disney other production company/ team. 
• MYFM (owns by Astro) will help Astro Chinese Artist to promote their Chinese New Year Album annually as they came from the same owner. 

Undermined Quality Content 

• As owned by the large media company, the owner can send out messages that he wants to their audiences through his company's media influences and power.
• Hence, sometimes the information could be bias.
  
  

Media Control by Political Power

• Similar to the above, the Political Parties who owned the media could control whatever messages that they want to be published, or to be hidden. 
• They can filter out the messages and came out messages that is healthy and good for their image, by buying the media company and control it.

How a Sign become a Sign?

• Universally Recognized
• Generally Accepted
• A standardized sign that represent something can changed from time to time.
• Ex: The Heart Sign

Signifier  

• The physical form, the actual thing, the actual word we want to indicate.
• Tree, Green, Leaf, Woods

Signified

• Something that you think about that leads to sign, What comes to your mind
• Peace, Environment, Mother-Nature (What makes you think about)

• Signifier + Signified = Sign
• Normally used in Linguistic Sign (Used in words) – Imagination
• Ex: In Marlboro advertisement, the Cigarette acts as a signifier, which signified the meaning of adventurous and masculine.

Representamen 

• Point to that object and people immediately know what it is OR what is it meaning
• Ex: Picture of Angelina Jolie let us know that She's Angelina Jolie

Interpretant 

• The idea and thought (Interpretation through mind)

Object 

• Focus more on the image, physical form of object 

• There are 3 classes of Sign:

Iconic

• A sign that was directly drawn and replicates the real physical form.
• Toilet sign (A Toilet Bowl) Fragile Sign (Item Crack)

Indexical 

• Sign that leads people to think and represent that the real thing that happened before this
• Something that used to be here.
• Footprint - someone has walked past here.

Symbolic 

• Sign that does not directly represent the image of the real item.
• But universally people recognize them and know what it means.
• Sign of No Entry

• The meaning that shows from dictionary 
• What you see, what it is.
• Ex: Spectacles 

Connotation 

• Interpretation that based on feelings, belief and ideas.
• Individual Connotation - Personal interpretation, its varies based on each individuals and their experienced.
• Cultural Connotation - The meanings from the same cultural background.
• Ex: Individual Connotation - Let me watch clearly 
• Ex: Cultural Connotation - I'm a very smart person.

• From the building and also the traditional music that has been played from the background, it shows that this place took place in Japan.
• The opening shows that the girl and the boy are actually standing right next to each other, however, one is wearing black and one is wearing white, showing that the gril is moaning for the boy, while the boy has passed away.
• The next scene has showed that both boy and girl standing next to each other again, however holding their hands together.

Link Explanation: What is Ideology?

• There are many ideology that exist in the world that we commonly known, however, never identify and realized about it.
• Western Ideology: Freedom of Speech, Human Rights, Democracy, Equality 
• China: Communism  
• These are the ideology that they practiced and know in their society, they were plant with these mindset and ideas.

• Ideology is everywhere around us.
• It is believed that our mind are are actually controlled by "people up there" (can be refer to authority) in order to believe what they want us to believe.
• The ideology that they emphasized blind you or normalize what they want you to think, so that you think its normal.
• Ex: India Caste System - It makes the Indians to think there's no equality, people who born dark or in the background of Dalits are slaves or dirty, it's normal to actually 🤬(r-a-p-e) woman as they were cheap and slave, or woman should always listen to man. 

• In India, there's Ideology of Woman having menstruation are dirty. 
• Hence, whenever woman's having period, they have to stay outside of the house, or not staying indoor. 
• They are also not allow to sleep together with their husband.
• The Indian society seeks Period as something dirty that might contaminate the gods, hence, there were no pads to be sell for the woman.
• Even if there's pad, it would be sold in a very expensive rate. 
• The only way that woman can solve menstruation is through only wrapping with Sari.

• Censorship
• It stops citizens or people from seeing something that they do not want you to see or exposed.
• Given the excuses of protecting the mind of people, by not exposing inappropriate content and filtering out it, however was actually trying to hide certain content.
• Ex: Banglalasia (2015) was banned by Malaysia Government due to the below reason, however it is believed that the main reason of the banned is due to that the movie itself sarcastically pinned point that Malaysia has many illegal labor and also the current phenomenon of Malaysia.

Incorporating or Containing

• The ideology was put into the media or movie secretly without anyone noticing due to the control of media
• Ex: D.C - Birds Of Prey - It emphasize on Girls Power, however as media promotes it, not people can really see the main motive of the movie, the ideology and the spirit that the movie wants to talk about - Unconsciously planted the mind set of Feminisms into your heart. 

Pleasurable Text 

• Promoting the ideology through texts.
• Many media has created content that is believed to bring relaxion and entertainment to the others. People read or know it just for the sake of fun, however, neither of they know that through these "pleasurable text", it has unconsciously planted some sort of ideology to your mind. 
• Ex: Quotation on Facebook/ Instagram - Owen JC - its for entertaining, but slowly the ideology has been implemented and affecting us.

• A leadership or a way that allows people with authority to use their cultural influences to "brainwashed" and affect the mindset of minority in order to build their power for their best interest. 
• Ex: Communist Party in China, North Korea - To brainwashed them that they are the best and it is essential to be loyal to the government. 

How can we counter Hegemony?

• Develop ideas that challenge the dominant or authority groups' assumptions, belief and their pattern of behavior. 
• Ex: How people counter Hegemony in North Korea - Escaping from North Korea and Exposed their act 
• Outsource References
  Girl who Escape from North Korea: Park Yeon Mi 

• 4-5 family members in the family 
• having cats and dogs at the house 
• Mom would be blonde and curly hair

The Rednecks

• White
• Without Education
• Poor 
• With Long Beard
• Wearing Caps 

The British 

• The Slang 
• Formal Look
• Tall and Elegant 

The Blonde

• Wearing Shorts 
• Popular Kids 
• Leader of the Girl Gangs 
• Mean Girls 
• Golden Hair, Pretty and Sexy 

African American

• Bold
• Chains 
• Glowing Skin
• Sexy Lips 
• Braid Hair 
• Thick Lips 
• Sexy Body 
• Raps 
• Man very tall
• R&B

Chinese 

• Small Eyes
• Straight Black Hair
• Calculative and Stingy

Indian

• Black or Brown Eyes
• Shaking Their Hair
• Good Face Feature 
• Indian Dance
• IT Geeks

Muslim 

• Terrorist 
• Hijabs, Tudung
• War, Gun 

• The reason why we would have this kind of information and stereotypical perception towards a group of people is due to how media portrayed categorization.
• Example: Blonde - Fun, People with red hair - Smart, But hot tempered, Asian - Chinese 

• Red-Neck is a stereotypical terms that used to describe poor white Southerner that dates back before the Civil War.
• It also means the lower-class and working class southerner.
• The term start back in 1930s which refers to White who does Farmer for living, because their neck would turn red after toiled in the field for long time.
• People often stereotype them as violent, rude, hot-headed and racist too (mentally).
• However, not all Rednecks works as a farmer, and some of them also did not behave like what the media or people perceived or stereotyped. 

• Normal Cast: The Whites (As long as you're white, you're the normal cast, which gets more opportunities in media compare to the others, despite you're from country beside America)
• Colour Cast: Cast that besides the Whites - Chinese, Black, Indian etc
• Back in the days, they have limited colour cast, and even if they do, they do not play a very general role, however, were meant to play roles that similar to their skin tone and ethnics.
• Black people in the movie were actually portrayed by the whites, by color their face dark, opportunities were not given to the Black community to act out the role despite portraying Black. 
• Ex: The Jazz Singer - In order to sing, I have to colour myself Black. 
• Ex: The Birth of The Nation - Imagine the day that America are ruled by the Blacks - Mocking about how Blacks were so "negative", that the Whites should stands up and fight the Blacks.
• Ku Klux Klan (KKK) - White Supremacy and Anti-Color Community - They promote the pureness of white and their costumes were inspired by The Birth of A Nation. They would wore the costumes as a symbol to protest for the White Supremacy.
• The reason why the director use White to portrayed the black is because (Director) the original BLACK can't act like what the Directors' ideal portrayal of Black. 
• For Instance, what I think of Indian is Gangsters, but not every Indian are gangsters, and hence when I ask them to act like Indian, they can't, and I'm not satisfied because they are not "Gangster" enough. And hence, I hire Chinese to act like Indian, to portrayed Indian role in the way we think it should be.

The Yellow Peril

• Because of how media portrayed the Asian as the secret lovers, exotics mistress, and hence the Westerner afraid that people might want to find Asian people as their spouse (clearly they don't support racial-mixed relationship because White Supremacy) 
• Hence, they came out with Yellow Peril, and Anti-Miscegenation
• In the movie, as long as there are people fell in love with color cast, it will end up bad ending (Incorporating or Containing - Giving you the opportunity to see color cast, but wants to bring out the message that end of the day it will become very bad)
• Anna May Wong, Sessue Hayakawa are the color cast that portrayed their own ethnics groups without using the Whites back in the days.

• Biological Essentialist
• Born with the biological reproductive system or sign
• It may not the choice that you want, you were naturally born with it.
• Male Hormones that make you look like a "MAN" - Testosterone 
• Female Hormones that make you look like a "WOMAN“ - Estrogen 
• But regardless of Gender, both male and female will have and produce Testosterone and Estrogen, its just that depending which one have more than the other one (depending on how much level of concentration does it produced)
• Male produce more testosterone than estrogen -> Facial Hair, Deeper Skin
• Female produce more estrogen than testosterone -> Less Facial hair, more sensitive emotional 
• Sometimes either one party has less identical than their category of of Sex, it's due to their certain body produces more different types of hormones than the normal 

Gender (Only changing the behavior and appearance to another gender)

• Social Constructionist 
• Based on society perceptions, how woman should look like, how man should look like (Society construct how we perceive Gender)
• Something you can choose and determine by choices 
• Transgender, LGBT, Drag (They have man characteristics, but dressed like a woman)
• I'm a man, but I feel like I want to be a Woman, and I started to wear makeup, behave like woman (like how society thinks that woman should be)

• You can act, however in certain roles only as a female

 Femme Fatale 

• French Words
• Fatal Woman
• Beautiful, Sexy, Seductive Roles but its a villain that might hurt you (Spy, assassin, Cause of a problem)

Trophy Wife/ Mom

• Great character female role
• Perfect wife, Mom and Woman

Sex Kitten 

• Just give viewing pleasure for male audiences 
• There to look good 

Gold-Digger 

• Feel attracted and wants to get protected by wealthy man

Changes and Objectification

• Not really abolished, however decrease, but it still there 
• Ex: Transformer 1 & 2, Megan Fox was known for the 🤬 Kitten because all she needs to do is just to act sexy to attract male audiences, despite the movie officials known the character as a side kick but not 🤬 kitten 
• 🤬 kitten: Just a beautified thingy that meant to attract people, no script, no acting, but to be sexy and no contribution to the movie scene (which if u take out the role, there's no big effects) .
• Baywatch, 50 Shades of Grey, Comics Books (Costumes): Both male and female actors are just an object, which people came to see them its because of their body, appearance, abs, sexy etc, but not the storyline. 
• Comics - Woman wear sexy suits, with slim-fitting bodysuits, Man also having big abs, wearing slim-fitting abs.

Fame Seeker

• Woman who likes having pose for fame in pictures 
• Ex: Social Media Influencers 

• Man would play the character of handsome, perfect, powerful, strong, rich (American Dream Man - Perfect man, family, wife)
• Or Physically Strong and capable.
• Media portrayed Masculinity as  - everything man did was right, and there's no wrong. The decision they make will always be a success.
• Media "perfect" the role of the man, hence Man will always be the main lead back in the days - Hero .
• But in someway it actually stereotype man should be like this - Physically Strong, Powerful, Must be successful, which eventually in real life, they are human too and not man are really that strong.
• Man also need some care and love from others, but media portrayed them as wonderful and powerful, and hence, the society always seek more from the man to be strong and perfect.

Western 

• Man are still being portrayed as physically strong, powerful, authority and determined (just like the perfect man)
• However they start to accept and portrayed that man also have weaknesses.
• Emotions, Insecurity, Failure through out the movie 
• Instead of Portraying the "Ideal Man" that makes people stereotype, the role of man in media has turned into a more life basis, which they are allowed to showcase emotions, failure like ordinary people did.
• The role of man started to reflect on the exact real characters of man in real life, no longer "too perfect" to be true.

Asian (Objectification)

• The same goes to Western Countries, Man are allowed to be imperfect, but not as perfect as what it is in media anymore.
• They are allowed to show emotions, allow to fail, and also allow to have weaknesses which is the reflection of real life.
• However, ever since the Korean, Japanese wave, man were also expected to be very "beautiful" and "handsome" until an extreme way, which does not allow them to be old, to be not "fair" enough
• Whitening, Hair Removal - Which stereotypes man and woman should look like this (Clean) by the media to the society.
• They have to be good-looking, and stay as young as possible in terms of appearance in order to be in the media, regardless they are getting older. 
• The media also portrayed the male to be much for "Femaleness", which male has to be as "beautiful", "cute" as woman, and could be very "sexy" and also "seductive" towards people through their appearance, makeup and dresses/ Shirt, which breaks the past days man stereotypes that how man should look like.

• Strong woman in main lead
• Man are given the opportunities to play roles that is beyond the "stereotype" roles 
• Ex: Eddie Redmayne "The Danish Girl"

• Has more TV Station/ Variety of Choice compare to Malaysia
• More sensational, more information and more freedom to express certain information and less constrain

Malaysia Media

• Has less TV Station, less variety of choice compare to America
• More restricted, censorship and filter before showcasing to the audience via media

• Reasons why there's such a huge differences in terms of media content between both countries itself are due to two of the factors: Political System and The Government.
• Its because of the political system that acknowledge and recognize certain rules, which gives the government has the authority whether to restrict or give freedom towards the media content.
• By managing the media content, it would eventually affect and control what can the entire society sees.
• For example, America has less restriction about media that allows media to report anything which is generally recognize as the truth. Hence, many Americans have their own perception towards the government, country or even certain issue, as the media was not restricted, however was free from any control.
• Unlike America, Malaysia has a much more restricted control over media content, like censoring kissing scene, or words that is "generally inappropriate" in songs, and this cause our people to be more conservative than America, which the message that has been filter and censor by our government with the support of the political system. 

America Political System

• America is a fully democracy country as they have no kings or queen as the leader of the country.
• The leader is chosen by the citizens and we all known it as President.

Malaysia Political System

• Malaysia is semi-democracy - Monarchial Democratic, which we not fully choose our country leader as we have a king upon all of us - Yang Dipertuan Agong, as well as the 9 Sultans/ Yamtuan Besar/ Raja.
• However, the nation can still pick the choice of their leader that could help to lead the country, which we known it as Prime Minister.
• The reason that our political system are similar with the UK is because we were colonized by them before World War II until our Independence.

• If we say both country are democratic, we are half right.
• America is having Democracy as a rule.
• However, Malaysia is having Democracy as a principle.

• There's two amendment that happened in the history of United States.
• The first Amendment happens back in 1791 which emphasize on the freedom of speech, press, assembly and the right of petition towards the future government.
• It prevents the government or the authority from abolished the nation opinion and expression as a democratic country.
• It was adapted 1/10 from Bills of Rights.
• Amendment - Revising the rule.
• The second Amendment was also dated back in 1791, which emphasized on the right to keep and bear arm.
• It was adapted from the other 9 Bills of Rights.
• Both Amendment happened during the Presidency of George Washington, the First President of the United States.

First Amendment in The U.S

• The political system in United States allows the freedom of media to publish and post individually without any interruption from any of the authority (as above). 
• In Malaysia, we always think that we have the rights of freedom of speech, however in our constitution, we never highlighted it and hence, every media post or even the individual statement as well, has to be careful, as in Malaysia, the one that determine whether we violated the media rules or not are the government - Ministry of Multimedia.
• Unlike the US, Freedom of Speech has been emphasized in the Constitution, which its above the government that any of the authority, regardless you're the president or not, have to follow. 

• Protect the freedom of Speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition to the government.
• These freedom are protected by the amendment of the original document.
• There's no legal age, citizenship that is require to be protected from the First Amendment, as long as you're in the US.
• It protect people against government that may limits us on our freedom of expression.
• It also prevent the government to say something you don't want to.
• Student's have the right to pray in America's Public Schools without the disruption of school operation and employees.

• However, due to the over-extreme freedom that has been given to Americans, certain individuals has taken the opportunities to create certain kiosks by fully exploit the freedom that has been given by the First Amendment of the US. 
• Hence, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) is there to police it.
• The organization will in charge of managing and controlling every of the media content that seems to violate certain rules or might have cause certain kiosks towards the society - such as regulates US Communications, Issue Licenses, Setting of Charges and enforcement of communication rules.
• It is an independent government agency, which it is free from the ruling and control of the government, and work by its own. 
• The principle and working ethics while become one of the 5 commissioners that control and manage US Media content was based on the US Constitutional, but not based on the ruling parties.
• However, It was appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate 参议院 for 5-year terms.
• Hence, it is still not really an independent agency as the person that was elected and appointed by the president, might have certain relation with him/her, which in someway over-power might occurs, as it is not 100% confirm that the commissioners can conduct their daily task without any prejudice towards Media that reports news that is harmful for the president.
• The president somehow still plays an influential role in controlling the media, via the commissioners that he/she appointed.

• Student Government was there to represent student and help them out in solving certain issue and raise students concern to the management.
• However, the student government was chosen by Independent Election Committee with the discussion and "guidance" from the management.
• Hence, the management has an indirect control towards the student government by "indirectly" picking candidates that they think are "capable" enough to fit in the role, despite generally people will think that these two bodies has no relation and the student government is an independent body that helps student to fight for certain rights.
• It is the same as how the Federal Communication Commissions' Commissioners were chosen and appointed. 

Malaysia: Ministry of Multimedia and Communication

• Unlike US, it is very clear cut that who has the direct authority to control, filter or banned the media content that is going to publish to the public - The Government's cabinet, The Ministry of Communication.
• The government control and managed the media through a semi-government agency called Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission, which is established under the direct control of The Ministry of Communication.
• Based on the law of Malaysia, the Federal Constitution, Act 589, Malaysia Communication and Multimedia Commission Act 1998, Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) are given the authority to supervise and regulate the communications and multimedia activities in Malaysia, and to enforce the communications and multimedia laws of Malaysia, and for related matters.
• Hence , although it is an agency just like the FCC, however, it is directly under the control and management of the government, so at the end of the day, Government can still manage and control any of the media content that exist in Malaysia, but just using MCMC as a platform to control and manage it.
• The Commission members were elected by the Ministry of Communication and Multimedia, and some of them are governmental personnel, and some of them are not.
• Other law that is under the control of MCMC inclusive of:

1. Communication & Multimedia Act 1998 (CMA)
2. Anti Fake News Bill 2018

• Advise the Minister regarding any national policies that is related to communication and multimedia activities.
• Implement or enforce communication and multimedia laws.
• Regulate all matters and activities that is not listed in communication and multimedia law.
• Consider and recommended any reformation of communication and multimedia law
• Supervise and monitor any multimedia and communication activities
• Encourage promote the development of communication and multimedia industry 
• Promote and maintain the integrity of all persons licensed or otherwise authorized under the communications and multimedia industry;
• Render assistance in any form to, and to promote co-operation and co-ordination amongst, persons engaged in communications and multimedia activities.
• Carry out any function under any written law as may be prescribed by the Minister by notification published in the Gazette.

• Defamation
• Obscenity
• Plagiarism
• Invasion of Privacy 
• Inciting Insurrection

How your political image could affect your votes and support?

• US Presidential Election has never live broadcast via TV before back in the 1960s.
• Kennedy has little or few supports from the nation for his much more younger age compare to Nixon (People always has the stereotypical perception that younger individuals has less capabilities compare to the elder one, as they are lack of experiences)
• The survey shows that more people supports Nixon over Kennedy.
• However, after the live broadcast of the presidential debate, Kennedy eventually and shockingly won.
• It all thanks to how Kennedy portrayed himself in front of the audiences - confident, capable, enthusiasm, positivity which lead people wanted to vote for him.
• The another reason that Kennedy won was because he was somehow good-looking than Nixon.
• From here, we can see that how politicians portrayed themselves in front of media could eventually cause such big impact, and some would even bring benefits to them as a public figure.
• What you did and how you look and your appearance - Decent or Aggressive could affect how people have a certain perception about you, and eventually became one of the key elements on determine to succeed or to fail in your political journey.

• Najib was once being criticized and disliked by the entire Malaysian nation due to the IMDB and corruption scandal.
• We can see that from the General Election of 2013, which under the leadership of Najib, Barisan National lost for the first time in the history ever since the Independence of Malaysia.
• During those days, no one supports Najib. However, using social media to update his daily life, Najib instantly get the support back again with only a year from the Malay society due to his constant friendly daily updates, which the citizens found it very "close" to the people.
• Famous quote such as "Bossku", or the trendy action of eating Super Ring while watching political drama from Pakatan Harapan has suddenly become a rising trend.
• Najib's action can be explained it as a very good strategy to "white-washed" and rebuild his reputation among the society, via the power of media.
• It eventually change people perception about him through how he portrayed himself at social media.
• Najib gains support back again can be seen during the law suit of IMDB in KL Court, in which 1000 of people march while chanting Najib's "Bossku" 

• From both events, we can conclude that how politicians portrayed themselves could have a directly impact on their political journey.
• Just like how Barack Obama constantly updates  very close and friendly pictures on SNS to project himself as a very nice person, Najib did the same way, and hence regaining a group of Malays' Youth Support.

Public Figure or Celebrities who turn themselves into a politicians 

• Celebrities or any other public figure gain themselves supports or votes easily when they are running for certain political roles.
• Its because of how they constantly portrayed themselves in the media - via movie character, their personality, their competition - it gives people a very positive perception that you're capable and wanted to support you.
• From here we can see that, once again, politicians gain support also based on their appearance from media, aside from their capabilities. 
• The basic criteria of being a politicians is to have a camera-friendly style and appearance, by able to look and acting comfortable on camera.

• Arnold Schwarzenegger played as "Terminator" before in several series of the movie, causing him to be very famous among the nation by his appearance in the movie.
• People perception: He's strong, he's capable, and he's undefeatable.
• Sometimes immature voters never considered about the real abilities of the candidates itself (maybe he really did well), but just purely based on the character and the image they projected in media.

• Donald Trump was once a TV Reality Star, businessman.
• Back in 2016, it was believed that many would give their votes for Trump were very likely because of the image that he has built - A very successful rich businessman.
• While Hillary Clinton has only a law and political background, Trump can be considered as an expertise in business, which he once bankrupt and in debt, but could come over again and build up his empire.
• Many American relied on Trump so much that they believed that Trump would be a very good president that brings America great again (in economy as well), of course, to be as rich as China.
• From here we can see that how media portrayed certain Donald Trump would eventually affect how people vote, like Trump, it brings people the perception as a business elite and could rebuild US economy.

• Camera-friendly: Not afraid of the camera, confident, and able to speak fluently like a leader in front of media. 
• Politicians able to portrayed themselves as the stereotypical way of how people think a politician should be.
• To gain the votes of the nation, you have to be the stereotypical ideal "leader" that they think it should be.

• Both candidates were standing while debating.
• Since it was showcased not only in front of the nation, however broadcast online, hence how both Biden and Trump portrayed themselves plays a very significant role on how will the nation think and support.
• Thus, everything that happen among them, the speech, the content, the hand gesture, the body language, the attire choice were actually well-planned by their advisory and PR Team, in order to portrayed as best as they could that gain the supports and trust from the society after getting certain psychological advise by their team on how to tackle and win with strategies. 
• They tried to play themselves confident, from the body language, hand gesture, language that they use, and even the way they behave and groom themselves.
• From very small details, we can see that during the last debate, Trump wears a red tied that represents Republicans and Biden wore a red tied that represents Democrats.
• Its a part of the setting that inform and tell the US audience to vote republicans for Trump and vote democrats for Biden.

• Both Barack Obama and Donald Trump constantly interract with babbies, to show that they are a nice and friendly guy, but is that so?
• It's called the Hyper Reality, which people portrayed a certain image of themselves in a very normal and daily life event under the lens and camera, which seems to be a very casual picture, however sometimes it might be arranged.
• By using babies, people seems to believe that who are much more better person (Check out the comment of people at the picture forum)
• It helps to create whether a true fact or illusion which somehow could boost their reputation if there's people choose to believe in it.

• Speed (Which they could immediately react and defend themselves when certain news has came out, via releasing statement on social media.
• Data Analytics (Knowing the trend)
• Costs (Cheaper compare to physical Campaign, Press Conference etc)

Disadvantages of Internet for the Politicians 

• Speed (Yes, you can react immediately, however the authenticity is quite doubtful - like Trump's Tweet) 
• Data Analytics (Knowing the current situation - if your condition was not so good, it would cause a very bad phenomenon for you by showing a statistics of low supports from the nation)
• Authenticity (Fake News that attack you)

• Certain News Production House or company are either owned by the government sector / political party or have more or at least connection with any of the politicians.
• Hence, some certain news that is harmful to them may be filtered out, and some news that is beneficial to them, may be over-exaggerated in order to gain certain support and benefits.
• It also work as another way, which trying to twist and turn owners scandal, from bad to good, or criticize and attack opponent from good to bad.
• This is how certain politicians use news as a weapon to defend and tackle some certain parties.

• Fox Production has been constantly accused of being owned by the Republican, by showing their biasness towards the Republican and deeply criticizing the Democrats.
• It is not surprising to see that biasness of Fox towards Republican that constantly only attack the Democrats and their willingness to take the risk to against the ethics of Journalism for showing "partiality" news to the society, as the management team of Fox News consists of several then-US President relatives, like George W.Bush's cousin.
• Fox News has been closely connected and interacting with the Republican, despite Fox constantly emphasize that they are free from political party and has their own ownership, however people still suspect that there's an uncut and link relationship behind these two parties. 
• In the video, we can show that how Fox News critics show their biasness towards both 2 First Lady in many ways.
• From the speech, clothes, behaviors and gesture, Michelle Obama was sarcastically criticize for no reason, but for Melanie Trump, it will always be a compliment. 

Political News and Campaign are now with Social Media

• The first who introduce American Politicians to use Social Media as a campaign for his Presidential Election is Barack Obama.
• He noticed that the significant and the heavily usage of Social Media by everyone in this world, and hence, change his strategy of holding an online campaign which is very different compare to the traditional physicals campaign in the past, and successfully created the trend starting from his Era.
• We can see that right now, even during the 2020 Presidential Debate, Joe Biden, Kamala Harris has been constantly using Social Media to conduct several campaign and updates, in order to be known by the society nowadays.
• We can see that social media has improve itself, from a purely social networking website, to the most effective online campaign strategy, which politicians would commonly use in order to tackle, defend themselves and connect with the others.

• As a heavy user of Social Media, Trump has been constantly using Twitter to express certain statement during his presidency. 
• Whether to fire back or to defend himself, Trump soon decided to manage his Twitter by himself regardless knowing that every statement that he made could cause certain effect (because during the time, he was the president and it was seen as a official statement from both the Trump Government or himself).
• Trump certainly understand that Social Media roles has a far more affect that we never expected, and hence during 2016 Presidential Election, he focus on social media more than physical campaign.
•  Research shows that about 1/5 of Adults Twitter users in US follow Trump, and Trump was benefited from it.

Stable Situation 1 (Opening/Introduction)

• Once upon a time...….
• A brief introduction to the setting, characters etc in order for the audience to have a background information what's going on.
• Only with this, the audiences are able to understand the entire situation and drenched into the story plot, and the story plot are able to move on to the next stage further development and progression of the story.

Disruption (Questions, Enigma, Desire, Goal)

• The story continues with the characters are starting to face certain challenges in order to excite the audiences.
• This is where changes occurs, in which the life of the characters will be affected and a major conflict that destroy the current harmony and peace will occurs.
• Plot Twist, Climatic Moment, Turning Point.

Stable Situation 2 (Resolution)

• Which every of the conflicts in the movie or film has come to and end
• The story has now become stable as everything has been settled (Solution)
• No matter how the ending is, it will never be the same as the start (Stable Situation 1) despite at the end it become stable just like before (Stable Situation 2).
• If the Stable Situation 1 has the same or similar ending as Stable Situation 2, then there's no point watching the entire film without seeing anything changes throughout the 2 to 3 hours. Something must have changed, its either physically (someone died, grew up, born, eliminated) or mentally (someone grown up, become mature, or realize something from it)
• Disruption are there to link both stable opening and stable ending, and at the same time to change the entire story from the beginning to the end.

Flawed Character

• Got feeble, shortcoming characters
• Normal and ordinary person 
• (Example) Dress in suits, come to work from 9 to 5, which everything seems peace, normal and stable (Stable Situation 1)
• A weak characters and has a certain problem, which soon leads him to the problem and solution for the development and progress of the movie

Problem

• Stages when problem has started to occurs and interrupt the peaceful life of the main characters, which push the character to settle the problem.
• Walter Mitty was given the task of finding a certain picture that could have saved his company from bankrupt and closure.

Series of Test/ Character Growth

• .The process of problem solving which questioning and challenging the characters' flaws.
• He has to overcome this psychologically or physically, which would be a big challenge that changes his entire life and characters, bringing the storyline to a different ending compare with the opening.
• It plays a main key role in changing the entire story into something new with the ending, something must have been changed to make the characters better.

Better Character

• The ending of story which the character has changed after going through the conflict throughout the entire movie or story
• After the challenges and problem that he had went through, he's character will started to change and develop to become better than before

Flawed Character

• Elizabeth was a famous writer and she had a really good husband that loves her.

Problems

• One day, due to work, she visited a philosopher in Bali named Ketu that foreseen Elizabeth's future that in 1 year, she will lose everything she has now.
• Elizabeth didn't care about what he had said, and continue her living, until one day when she have a serious conversation with her friends, she started to realize that the life she was going through right now was not the initial life that she wants.
• The life she was having at the moment seems to be the life which had arranged and she was just followed accordingly on what the society and norms think it should be - graduate from college, get a job, get married, and be prepared for babies. 
• She even realized that don't started by when, she and her husband has a huge gap between one and another, which both talks about their own events without caring or listening to the other half.
• Hence, she started to take a leave to find for the meaning of life,

Series of Test/ Characters Growth

• Elizabeth travelled around the world with all of the money that she earned from her living.
• She has been working endlessly and saving up money for her family and for her future kids that she has never had a chance to have a break for herself.
• Throughout the journey, she met different people who taught her the meaning of life.
• Everyone has their own goals and definition of life, and she slowly she started to know that, before loving and caring someone, sometimes we have to care ourselves first.
• Only when we are full and rich of love and everything that we wanted, then we have the abilities to love and sacrifice for someone else.

Better Character

• Elizabeth soon found and know what she wants for the rest of her life, without restriction, without a circular form of life, however, freedom and free from any shackles and jess.
• She also found her true love who supports her and willing to let her be what she wants.
• She defined the ending as the life that she has been desperately desired about it.  

Identifications between main characters

• If you're the main character, your point of view that explain what you think and your psychological moment will have lots of scene for the movie, in order to let the audiences to feel you and to understand you.

Generates Connectivity with Audiences

• It can be defined through camera angle which brings the audiences to see what the main characters see
• To make them feel that they are part of the story and drenched into the storyline or films 
• When they are able to immerse into your film and storyline, people will have emotion that they think the same thing happen in the movie happen to them as well. 
• A film can be considered as a successful film when it has successfully bring the audiences immersed into the film and feel the same emotion as actors (入戏)

• Being one of the academy and award winning films, In The Mood For Love used Camera Angle to bring audiences from reality to the movie itself and immersed into the both main character, Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo-Wan, by only revealing both of their faces for the entire movies.
• In the video, despite both Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo Wan has husband and spouses respectively, however, we never get to see their faces in the entire films. The director focus on the facial expression of both Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo Wan whenever they are communicating with their other half, to let audiences feels what the characters psychological activity at that particular moment.
• The story didn't make state the obvious that both Su Li Zhen husband and Chow Mo Wan wife have an affair with one another. The director only reveal it via the sound of both affair couples and let the audiences to set the imagination themselves. At this time, the camera is still focusing on the facial expression of Su Li Zhen and Chow Mo Wan. It helps creates connectivity with the audiences and let them identify what are they thinking and who's the main characters.
• The film also uses the techniques of Voyeurism, which can be constantly seen in the video when Su Li Zhen accompany her husband in playing Mahjong with the rest of the neighbors. However, we can only see the back of Su Li Zhen blurry, but see the entire setting and characters inside the room clearly (picture below). This is to show the point of view of Su Li Zhen to the rest of the audiences, to know what she's seeing at the moment.

Closed/ Circular Ending

• Stable Situation 1 -> Disruption -> Stable Situation 2
• It is a standard/ general ending that most of the films did. 

Closed/Progress Ending

• Stable Situation 1 -> Disruption -> Unknown

Open/Unresolved Ending (Cliff-hangers)

• There's no certain ending to tell you
• Give you a question whether the story has come to and end
• Give you the fear and discomfort 
• Normally in Horror Movie, however sometimes certain movie gives people a cliff-hangers just to introduce them the continuous series of the movie film.

• In Avengers: Infinity War, we all thought that the Protagonist could win against the Antagonist, however, it became a plot twist.
• The Protagonist started to disappear one by one, and the  ending was full of mystery and unknown, which the movie didn't explain where are all the superheroes going or where are they disappearing, leaving the people who watched the film to have a wild guess and thinks a lot.
• The main motive of the movie of having cliffhangers is to generate the crowd and hype for people to continue watching the part 2 (or the second episode) of the movie series, and hence leaving a cliffhanger there.
• In short, if you want to know what had happened to the others heroes, do watch Avengers: End Game.

Dynamic of Narratives

• When there's good situation, then there must be a trouble
•  A Protagonist and An Antagonist
• The story is always balanced with both two different elements, its either good or bad, positive or negative. 

Ambiguous Binary

• A character that embodied two things in one (Good and Bad)
• Character itself is twisted with both bright side and dark side character.
• The character itself is having conflict or battle within herself whether she's currently right or wrong.

• As the Protagonist, the main motive of Katniss Everdeen join the Hunger Games is to save her sister from danger, and to survive until the end of the game.
• She didn't have the intention to kill someone at the first place, but only to secure herself, however, people tends to try their way to kill her because she did not attack anyone, but only escape.
• Slowly, though struggle, she still kill some certain participants, in order to survive.
• To Kill or To Survive.

• People or generation who were born in the digitalized era.
• When you were born, the Internet has already inexistence.
• However, the society always assumed that people who were born in Digital Natives are expertise and professional towards digital gadgets and application, however neither do they know, we only know the basic about the new media and sometimes in a bit further advance than the others only. 
• We know how to manage our social media or basic setting of it because we were used to all of it already, as we spent most of the time with it. However, to operate it professionally, we still do not have the skills of it.

Digital Migrants

• Generation who "migrants" from a non-existing digital era to a existing digital era.
• Normally refers to people who were born before 1990s, before the existence of Internet and World Wide Web.
• Hence, when everything has slowly relied on Internet or becoming more digitalized, "digital migrants" have to learn from step by step in order to adapt with the current situation and phenomenon.

• Digital Natives are people who generally born before 1980s
• They were comfortable with digitals because they were used to it and they grew up together with technology.
• Technology has been coexisting in our life ever since young and we have been interacting with it frequently. 
• We are considered as the "native speakers" with the digital technology, according to Prensky.
• Research and observation shows that the younger the generation, the more adaptation and positivity has been shown towards the usage of Internet - Social Media, with lower anxiety scores.
• Digital Natives are more likely to be multitasking, enjoy and learn new stuff through interesting ways such as gaming and video, and from here they could process the information quickly.
• Digital Migrants refer to the older crew, which they were fearful about the technology as they were not used to it.
• They were born before the spread of the digital technology  and was never being exposed to technology in their early age.
• For digital migrants, they are more likely to be the opposite - working one thing at one time with full concentration, and would prefer a more serious official approaches learning system, which indirectly caused them to be processing the information slower than the digital natives
• The best scenario to explain about the difference between Digital Migrants and Digital Natives are as the picture below.
• Digital Migrants prefer something which they considered more "serious" and "official" - newspaper, TV News - they get the information via these official and serious medium.
• Digital Natives prefer something which they consider more interesting and fun to learn - memes and videos - they get the information via funny and "non-professional" ways.
• Digital Migrants know COVID-19 daily cases updated through the official report of Ministry of Health; Digital Natives know COVID-19 daily case updates through memes.

1. Blog
2. Collaborative Projects 
3. Content Communities
4. Social Networking Sites
5. Virtual Game Worlds & Virtual Social Worlds

• It is estimated that bloggers could have make at least RM720 to RM20k per post depending on the number of blog impressions (the more number of click and visit, the more money they could earned)

• My internship company has paid at least RM5000 for Venuespace MY to write several articles and shot videos that promotes our venue space as the best venue space for a wedding (Featured and Sponsored Article)

Wikipedia

• Everyone could come into this particular side and put all sorts of information into it to form a particular web page.
• They could also constantly make amendment to it.
• Information from Wikipedia are not allowed to be used into assignment references as it is not a reliable source - Everyone could edit and mix and match the information. If they were to make some fraud and wrongful information, they could, and could have cause misleading. 

Kickstarter

• A platform for up-coming entrepreneur, businessman/woman, artist, celebrities who wants to kickstart their career could come to this website and look for investors for funds with their idea and proposal of their project.
• As a return, once the project has successfully launched and the project was a huge success, the investors could have the first try-on experiences before it goes into the market.  

Change.Org

• A place to file for petition and make a change in the society
• Everyone could create the petition and share it to gather and collect signature from the others.
• Once the signature has reached certain goals, it could be sent to certain authorities.
• However, whether the authority will listen and accept the petition is still dependable.

• Korea version of Change Org -  (국민청원 및 제안 / The Blue House Petition Board) 
• It was set up back in 2017 when Moon Jae In has stepped up after 100 days as the President of South Korea. 
• The aim of creating the website is to solve any concern of the nation had faced daily.
• It is expected that the website received 600+ of petition everyday.

Instagram

• I develop the content and I upload it (My picture of my own and I upload it to the platform)
• Instagram started off with content communities at the first place, by only having the feature of follow, and post pictures.
• However as time passed by, they started to be multifunctional, in which they have several feature which includes chat (communication).
• But still, their main motive of the entire apps is to create your own picture and posted it, and hence, its a content communities.

Fan-Fiction / Wattpad/ Webtoon

• Fans/ Ordinary people/ People who wants to be an author create story (novel/comics) based on their imagination at the platforms.
• Hence, they are generating content.

Pinterest

• It is a social networking site - I launched, I scrolled and I keep people's content for my own references and collection. And sometimes, I commented their post and pin their post to my dashboard, it is a form of communicating and networking.
• The only thing that differentiate whether Pinterest is a Social Networking Sites or Content Communities is the ownership of the artwork.

• For example, Nigel Ng's reaction video - Uncle Roger (Active Audiences) reaction video towards BBC Egg Fried Rice (The Media Content)
• Nigel Ng as Uncle Roger voiced out the ways of how BBC Featured Chef, Hersha would have completely wrong if she's in Asia. 
• From here we can know that Nigel as the audiences did not directly digest everything that has been shown in the media, however, he think, he interpret and analyze whether its right or wrong based on his perception. 

However  …..

• The ability of how audiences react and digest the information from the media based on their own personal understanding.
• Different people will came out or understand different meaning, as it all based on individuals' perception
• Here's an example which one official news or statement from media would cause different reaction from netizens based on their understanding.

• In the news itself, as one of the members of Aespa has been exposed to be a bully and rude back in the days to the rest of the trainees, Korean netizens have mixed reaction and feelings towards  the negative news.
• Some said that having such bad attitude, the management shouldn't have let them debut.
• However some said that this might be their past stories and its only a rumor, the most important is we should focus on their ability and future.

• As one of the mainstream newspaper in Malaysia Chinese's society, China Press Constantly reporting news with inappropriate words that sometimes contains the elements of body-shamming, sexual harassments etc. 
• China Press has recently published an E-News about a boy in Mainland China finally get the chance to meet his online-dating girlfriend, which soon realized she was not as slim as he expected to be.
• China Press reported the news with the tittle of "Online Dating with a girl that turns out to be a gigantic dinosaur".
• People were very pissed off (as can seen in the comment section) for the inappropriate tittle that body-shames towards the girl in the news. 

• To remember George Floyd who was killed by the racist police and to bring justice to him, people from all around the world gather together to do a series of activity to show their frustration towards the incidents (collective action from the mass audiences)
• One of them was #blackoutday, which everyone posted a black and white photo simultaneously on the social media to raise awareness and to express their anger.

• Even though Thailand domestics protest does not involve any external third parties, however, both Taiwan and Hong Kong mass audiences has show their support towards Thai people who are urgently fight for their rights.
• The hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance was trending all over the Internet during that moment to raise awareness about the unfair and exposed dictatorships of Thailand government to the entire world via media.

• Both "Ugly Man" and "Handsome Man" sat beside the female customers to see their reaction.
• While the "Ugly Man" was ignored for the entire process until he tried to greet the female customers, "The Handsome Man" instantly got the attention of the female customers when he just sat next to them.
• The female customers even voiced out directly that it would be good if its the "Handsome Man" sits next to them instead of "The Ugly Man" directly straight into his face. 
• The female customers also constantly trying to chat with the "Handsome Man" which their reaction was completely different compare to the "Ugly Man".

• Mostly of the girl would like to go with good-looking F**k boy despite they know they would have hurt mentally by them, as they are good-looking and attractive.

• Cambridge Analytica (Middleman) was appointed by Trump and his political team (The customers) to collect data that is either Pro-Trump or Anti-Clinton from the Facebook Users.
• Trump has been conducting several online campaign for his Presidential Election back in 2016, which he focus on online platform such as Twitter and Facebook more than physical Campaign.
• Cambridge Analytica uses Facebook (Publishers/Platform) to insert the ideology that is Pro-Trump to any possible candidates that would change their votes from Clinton to Trump, or have no idea who to vote for.
• Hence, that's why Trump was being said that he gained lots of young supporters from social media, and managed his online campaign very well, with the boost and help from Cambridge Analytica.

• Founder of Cookies - Lou said that the invention of Cookies is to function as a memory for any of the online activity.
• It was at first to bring convenient for the users, however as soon as they develop, it has become commercialize, as a tool for the businessman to tackle psychologically of the Internet users via Internet.
• Business personnel (Brands)  -> Site Company (Middleman) -> (Platforms and Publishers) Launched and sell information about you -> Advertisement (in many forms without us knowing unconsciously) -> buy it.
• Google and Facebook are one of those who is in charge of both Middleman and Platforms and Publishers provider, which if you would like to keep track of the current trend and consumers behavior,  and you could buy these information from them.
• Even if you would like to advertise, they did it as well. 

• Rebel Wilson was portrayed as a liar in magazines that were all owned by Beaur Comapny Group, which soon led her to lose her job due to false statement and accusation.
• Rebel's upcoming roles such as Kung Fu Panda 3, Trolls were cancelled and fired due to her scandal and controversies which has typically affected how the society thinks about her.
• Soon, the court has determined that the Bauer Media Group was guilty, as they can't prove that the statement that has been released is wrong and false, and hence they have to pay compensation for Rebel for her lost during the controversies happen.
• Rebel doesn't really want people to focus on the money, however, what she wanted was to let Bauer Media Group to make a declaration about the statement, to prove that she's not a liar, to rebuild and regain her positive reputation that harmed by malicious comments.

• Certain people argued that Sia's music video - Elastic Heart is actually sexualizing a kid, as they felt completely uncomfortable watching both Maddie Zieglar and Shia LaBeouf interracting so closely with a naked colour suit with Maddie, and a half naked body of Shia.
• Certain people defended for Sia that its just a way of arts, which Maddie was only performing in suits that she wore in the music video "Chandelier". However, no one comment about that, but when it comes to "Elastic Heart", everyone was pissed off.
• Both Maddie and Sia have defended the music video by explaining the video concept, and saying that their intention was to bring out the emotions of it, but not to promote pedophile.
• Hence at the end of the day, its still very subjective, depending on how the people would think about it.