ex) She was continually being late at work.

ex) I used to be very chubby, but now I am normal.

Would-> 과거의 불규칙적으로 반복된(그러나 일관되지 않고 중간에 중단되었다가 다시 이어진)행위나 동작에만 쓰인다.

ex) I would play a violin when I was young.

->I never used to read it before.

->I didn't use to read it before.

Did you want a grande or venti?

ex)Add mascarpone and continue to whip until it creates a soft, spreadable mixture with medium peaks. 

Headlines

ex)Foreign minister resigns

I request you to read the guideline carefully.

It doesn't appear on my screen.

- Present continuous

Jane is appearing in a series on Netflix.

I am regretting my college choice.

What do you do for living?

What is he doing now?

-be,have

He is 70 years old.

Tom is being rude to me.

-imagine, suppose, think, expect

I expect him to improve his singing skills.

I'm expecting her being on the show.

-hope,wonder

I hope she didn't bother you.

I am hoping you to help me.

-enjoy like love

-appear

-look

-see,hear, feel, smell, taste

-ache, feel, hurt (little meaning change)

-weigh, measure

Tommy is attacking the defender.

When she is thirteen, she is sold to the Garners.

He is writing a letter.

변화하는 상황

She is increasing her reading time gradually. 

->Somebody has designed a new type of suitcase.

너무 오래전에 공표되어 모두가 알고있는 사실일 경우

->Who invented the lightbulb?

->마음만 먹으면 다시 가지러갈 수 있는 위치, 상황일 경우

I left my textbooks at home.

->이미 너무많이 멀리와버려서 다시 가지러 갈 수 없는 위치, 상황일 경우

have 부탁 요청 의뢰하여 -하도록 하다

let -하도록 허용하다

get 자발적으로 -하게 하다

let은 whatever he wants처럼 목적어가 더 원하는 일에 초점을 두는 느낌이라면 have는 -하도록 요청하는 느낌이므로 have가 더 적합한 표현이다.

I'll have the electrician check everything while he's here. 기사에게 그가 여기있는 동안의 부탁, 요청을 하고 있으므로 have가 더 적합한 표현이다.

To avoid infection, have your doctor give you shots for yellow fever before department. 의사와 환자의 관계에서 환자가 의사에게 요청하는 상황일뿐만아니라 의사가 의례, 당연히 해야하는 일을 해달라고 요청하는 상황이므로!

I'll not have him spoken to like that.

I의 의지를 담고있는 will과 같은 조동사는 get과 같이 쓰이지 않음. will (not)get(x)

I won't have my name dragged through the dirt by the press.

have가 get(informal)보다 더 고상한 표현

get은 행위자와 더 밀접히 관련되어있음. 내가 집 치울께 ->I will get the house cleaned. 주어와 행위사이에 전혀 연관성이 없을떄 have

The secret is to make others believe they are the cause of it.

You have to speak up to make yourself heard.

For a service someone does for us we use to have something done.

형태) O + 원형/ -ing/p.p

불행한 일을 겪었을 경우

• We also use causative have to describe unfortunate events that have happened to people.

->He had his nose broken while he was playing rugby.

have O 원형/ ing /p.p

let O 원형 / be p.p

get O to v/ ing/ p.p

help O + 원형/ to-v /be p.p /to be p.p

already fixed/arranged

is going to v

maybe arranged to do it, maybe not

이미 공적으로 확정되어있는 시간표가 있는 상황이라면 현재시제가 미래시점을 나타낼 수 있다.

I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.

나의 초상화 = new information에 초점

It was painted by my grandmother.

할머니가 그렸다는 사실이 중요한 것이기에

new information인 할머니를 강조하기 위해 수동을 사용하는 것이 적합하다

are made by children-> 아이들의 노동력을 강조하기 위한 것

The robber was shot with a rifle. 권총으로 살해당했다.

Narration 주어인 he가 겪은 일련의 일을 서술해주는 지문이기에 coherence를 유지하기 위해 주어를 일관되게 유지하기위해 수동태로 전환해주기

By the end of this moth, I will have been working at this company for 10 years!

What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?

He is getting married next month.

He isn't playing baseball next week. He hurts his leg.

Paying overcharged bill, 동일.

Joel just had to apologize, seeing that he knew he had made a mistake.

granting that

other things being equal

when

When she heard the news, she turned pale with fear.

because/as

Because I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.

if/when

When you turn left, you will find the house.

although

Although I admit he is right, I cannot forgive him.

Having been destroyed by fire, 동일.

The weather being fine, we went out for walk. 그러나 세련된 표현이라고 볼 수는 없다

used to의 경우 과거의 행위, 동작, 상태, 습관

모두 나타낼 수 있지만

would뒤에는 state verbs상태동사가

동반될 수 없다. *I would own a cat.(x)

관용적 표현) Wouldn't you just know it

말안해도 무슨일이 일어났을지 알겠지?

ex) Mark sweared that he wouldn't smoke again.

ex)You would gossip about Jennifer again.

He wrote a SF novel which would be later one of the best sellers.

There will be a great party next month.

He said there would be a great party next month.

polite requests and a softer form of 'will'

Requests become more polite the more distanced they are.

ex)

Would you stay away for a moment?

Would you take off your coat?

If you would pass that to me..

willingness (including an unspoken condition)

ex) She would study hard till the end of this semester.

ex) Tina would lend you some money.

(if you asked him)

ex) She wouldn't fill the form.

inanimate objects -> The computer wouldn't work.

past willingness of a general kind but not to willingness to do something

ex) She would play the tennis after her work on Monday.

ex) It would be comfortable to upgrade the seat, but I can't afford it.

ex) I suppose she would be about twenty when she went to abroad for job.

• an idiom we use when we refuse to give someone information.

-> Wouldn't you like to know!

Joe won’t tell me about his plan,
but I wish he would tell me something.

주어가 I일 경우 후회 체념 의지를 동일한 주어로 would를 사용해표현할 수 없기에 이럴 경우 동사를 could로 바꿔주기

예외사항들_

I wish 직설법 불가능

동사자체를 hope로 바꾸기

ex) We are hoping for better grade.

I wish to infinite (o)

ex)I wish to go there right now.

I wish 간접목적어 직접목적어 (o)

ex)I wish you best luck!

We often use I wish ... would
to complain: the speaker wants an action
or event to change.

ex) I wish you would take an action exactly.

second conditional :past tense form to express a feeling about the present.

ex) I wish I was reading comic books.

I wish she would arrive.(o)

I wish she would not be here.(x)

강력하고 중요한 요청사항

ex) I wish you wouldn't smoke here.

실제로 그럴 가능성이 거의 없을 경우

ex) He reported as if there was an imminent war.

As if + 직설법

ex) He ran so fast as if he is in a hurry.

정말 순수한 가정의 상황 -라고 할지라도

even though )

비록 -했지만 / 이미 even though 절에서 이어지는 내용을 사실로 받아들인 이후

ex) Failing the test, she turned pale with fear.

Because/as -하기때문에

ex) Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice.

If/when -하면

ex) Turning to the left, you will find the house.

Although 비록 -하지만

ex) Supposing he is guilty, I would pretend not to know it.

ex) As the building had been destroyed

7시에 일하기 시작해서 9시에 끝냈다.

Never having done it before,

종속되어있는 일부분일 경우(자연스럽게 빈번히 쓰이는 표현)

ex) His arms being amputated, he went to emergency room.

There 구문때문에 화자가 주어임을 예측할 수 있음.

주어가 문맥상 예측 가능하면 된다.

-Strictly speaking

-Frankly speaking

-Roughly speaking

-Judging from

-All things being considered

다른 모든 조건이 같다면

-Other things being equal

-Granting that ~

-Seeing that ~

비록 ~라고 인정하지만/ ~이기 때문에

->Jeju, which I've visited several times, is my favorite island.

한정적 용법 -> 전체 선원들 중 미신을 믿는 사람들만 정박하지 않으려고 한다.

Sailors, who are superstitious, will not embark on Friday.

계속적 용법->

전체 선원들은 미신을 믿는데 그들은 모두 금요일에 정박하지 않으려고한다.

복문 내부의 어느 위치에서(주어 혹은 목적어..)빠져나간 것인지 알고있기

• that절 내부의 주어가 빠져나간 경우 (주절의 주어와 겹치는 경우)

ex) He is the man who I expect will be a winner.

He is the man + I expect that the man will be a winner.

• that절 내부의 목적어가 빠져나간 경우

  ex) The magician called up a boy whom I thought he had planted in the audience.

• The magician called up a boy+ I expect that he had planted the boy in the audience.

별도의 접속사 표현인

in that -라는 점에서

Is there anything you want that you don't have? 네가 가지고 있지 않은 것+ 네가 원하는 것

The boy (who) I thought was very healthy suddenly fell ill.

There was a lady called this morning.

Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.

They’ve got three cars, two of which they rarely use.

Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

1. Indicative mood

2. Imperative mood

3. Subjunctive mood

uncertain events and situations
Ask John if he’s staying tonight

2) 조건을 나타내고자 할 때 conditions
Oil floats if you pour it on water

If you freeze water, it becomes solid.

the results in the future of a real situation, with possible or likely results

ex) If you eat all the ice-cream, you'lI be sick!

completion), going to present continuous with future meaning.

ex) If you can't answer Exercise 1, you won 't be able to do Exercise 2.

If you've finished washing the floor, I’ll help you clean the kitchen.

-Iron goes red if it gets very hot.

=when

- If John didn’t come to work yesterday, he was probably ill

=As

- If you didn’t study physics at school, you won’t understand this book.

(=Because)

ex) If I give you the money could you get me

same stamps?

ex) If you've finished washing the floor, you can start cleaning the kitchen.

불가능하거나 가능성이 거의 없는 결과

-> If the Earth didn't have a Moon, there wouldn't be any tides.

현실과의 거리감을 강조하고자

If I knew her name, I would tell you.

지금 모르는 상태인 것!

and so more polite

It would be nice if you helped me with

the housework.

If I knew her name, I should tell you.

'would be able to’

If I had another £500, I could buy a car.

might

‘would perhaps’

or ‘would possibly’

If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink

실제로 자전거가게에 들어와있는 경우

If you buy a bike, you'll I get a lot fitter.

(You are really thinking of buying one –
we are in the bike shop.)

살짤 멀찍이 떨어져서 가능성만 논의중인 경우

If you bought a bike, you'd get a lot fitter.

바꾸는 것이 불가능한 상상속의 상황

an imaginary past situation
->As we cannot change the past, this is an

If the ship had had more lifeboats, more passengers would have been saved.

If the ship had been travelling more slowly, it might have avoided the iceberg.

If you hadn't given me a lift, I'd probably still be at the station!

influenced past events.

If you weren't so lazy, you'd have finished your work by now.

-> I won't be able to lift this unless you help me.

Help me with this. I won't be able to lift it

otherwise.문장 맨끝 위치 가능!

->If only you'd told me, I could have helped you.

• also be used alone as an exclamation

If only you'd told me!

past to talk about the present
->If only I knew more people!

->If only I was better-looking!

past perfect to talk about the past
->If only she hadn't told the police, everything

would have been all right.

Only if a teacher has given permission is a stu dent allowed to leave the room.

You can go to the party, as long as(=on condition that/provided) you are home before 12.00.

likely,or to make a request seem more

indirect or polite

혹시라도 그를 만나게 된다면,

->If you should see him tomorrow, could you give him my message?

->If you happen to be in the neighborhood, do drop in and see us.

->If the government were to lower taxes, they
would certainly win votes.

if it were/was not for -describes how one event depends on another.

->If it were not for Helen, our team the worst in the area!

But for your assistance, we would not have succeeded.

->The club is careful not to let the younger players be overexposed to the media.

->The salesman was so persuasive that he got metobuyanewcar.

use get instead of have for present continuous and past simple, not for present

->We're getting our flat decorated.

use get something done to mean 'manage to do it', with a sense of achieving something

->Have you got the computer to work yet? (= Have you managed to make it work?)

get with v-ing 무언가를 하기 시작했을 때

->Once we got the heater going, the car started to warm up.

->This charity aims to help people (to) help themselves.

->The airline is encouraging employees to go on unpaid leave to help the company save costs.

->If you could send us general information about the price, it would help us make a decision.

(leave)
She left the house deserted.

(find)
I found the rule rewritten.

(pull)
Then I pulled the door closed.

(snap)
I snapped my mouth shut.

동사(have, make, let) + 사물 + p.p

목적어가 (능동/수동) 겪는 것인지 당하는 것인지 여부에 따라 동사원형 /p.p

be+ing
be going to +V

simple present

will have pp

will be –ing

be about to +v

beto+V

‘What would you like to drink?’
I ‘ll have an orange juice, please.’

to say that a future action or event is on the way, or starting to happen

현재 배가 나온 것을 보고 ->Sandra's going to have another baby in June.

-> 'The phone's ringing.'
'That'll be Sue. I'm expecting her to phone.'

future events which are not already decided

->Nobody will ever know what happened to her. I think Liverpool will win.

predictions of future events - to talk about what we think, guess or calculate will happen.

->Tomorrow will be warm, with some cloud in the afternoon.

ex) I’ll phone you when I arrive.

ex)As soon as we make a decision, we'll let you know.

After time expressions (as soon as, after, before,

by the time, the moment, until, when) : present simple

Present perfect is also used instead of present simple to show completion.

As soon as I've finished this letter, I’ll help you.

ex) Shall I open a window?

I’ll break his neck!

You can have it for half price. OK. I’ll buy it

화자가 불쾌/불편해하는 습관

->He will keep opening the window.

-미래에 대한 정보를 안내할 때에

to give (or ask for) information about the future

->We shall need the money on the 15th.

In another thirteen minutes the alarm will go off. This will close an electrical contact, causing the explosive to detonate.

->I think the weather will be nice.
I think the weather is going to be nice.

sometimes we use will to talk about now

현재에 관해 이야기할때 will을 사용

Don’t phone Ann now. She’ll be busy.
(= she’ll be busy now)

ex)The main stadium was built in Spain.

The instruction can be found on page