• Cybersecurity is everyone's responsibility.
• By following the tips below and remaining vigilant, you are doing your part to protect yourself and others.

• Turn on Automatic Updates for your operating system.
• Use web browsers such as Chrome or Firefox that receive frequent, automatic security updates.
• Make sure to keep browser plug-ins (Flash, Java, etc.) up-to-date.

• Phishing scams can be carried out by phone, text, or through social networking sites - but most commonly by email.
• Be suspicious of any official-looking email message or phone call that asks for personal or financial information.

• If you need to leave your laptop, phone, or tablet for any length of time - lock it up so no one else can use it. 
• If you keep protected data on a flash drive or external hard drive, make sure their encrypted and locked up as well. 
• For desktop computers, lock your screen or shut-down the system when not in use.

• Keep high-level Protected Data (e.g., SSN's, credit card information, student records, health information, etc.) off of your workstation, laptop, or mobile devices.
• Securely remove sensitive data files from your system when they are no longer needed.
• Always use encryption when storing or transmitting sensitive data.

• Lock your device with a PIN or password - and never leave it unprotected in public.
• Only install apps from trusted sources (Apple AppStore, Google Play).
• Keep the device's operating system up-to-date.
• Don't click on links or attachments from unsolicited emails or texts.
• Avoid transmitting or storing personal information on the device.
• Most handheld devices are capable of employing data encryption - consult your device's documentation for available options.
• Use Apple's Find my iPhone(link is external) or the Android Device Manager(link is external) tools to help prevent loss or theft.

Accommodation : logement

Adventurous : aventureux, audacieux

Asset : atout

College : université

Cultural awareness : ouverture culturelle

Escape from the daily grind : échappée loin du labeur quotidien

Gap year : année sabbatique

Gapper : étudiant en année de césure

Illiteracy : illettrisme/illiterate : illettré

Narrow-minded : étroit d’esprit ≠ open-minded

On vacation : en vacances

Orphan : orphelin/orphanage : orphelinat

Overseas = abroad : à l’étranger

Resourceful : débrouillard

Rewarding = enriching : enrichissant

Shelter : abri

Stay-at-home : pantouflard

To backpack : voyager avec un sac à dos

To be a year behind : avoir une année de retard

To be exploited : être exploité

To be involved in = be committed to : être engagé dans

To be versatile : avoir des talents variés

To boost a resume : donner un coup de pouce à un CV

To broaden/widen one’s horizons : élargir ses horizons

To change one’s outlook on life : changer sa vision de la vie

To contribute to improving : contribuer à améliorer

To discover : découvrir

To enter the workforce straightaway : entrer dans la vie active tout de suite

To evolve : évoluer

To gain confidence : gagner en confiance en soi

To gain skills : acquérir des compétences

To give a competitive edge : donner un avantage concurrentiel

To go sightseeing : visiter

To graduate : obtenir son diplôme

To grow more mature : mûrir

To have a break : faire une pause

To help out = give a hand : apporter son aide

To immerse in : s’immerger dans

To jump on the bandwagon : prendre le train en marche

To learn : apprendre

To make a difference : faire une différence

To miss family : languir la famille

To offset : compenser

To participate in = take part in : participer à

Voluntourism-gap year

To put family life on hold : mettre la vie de famille en attente

To relax = chill out : se détendre

To settle down : se poser

To share : partager

To show self-motivation : montrer un esprit d’initiative

To stand out : sortir du lot

To take time to reflect : prendre du temps pour réfléchir

To take up a challenge : relever un défi

To travel : voyager/traveller (n)

To volunteer : faire du bénévolat

To waste time : perdre du temps

Unemployment : chômage/ unemployed : au chômage

University degree courses : cursus universitaire

Unknown : inconnu

Valuable = precious = meaningful : précieux

Volunteerism : bénévolat

Voluntourism : tourisme bénévo

- What is ransomware ?

→ Type of malicious software accessed via an email attachment (pièce jointe) that encrypts files. It blocks the computer system, you can’t access to your data and hackers demand a payment/a ransom.

- How can you deal with ransomware ?

→ Train staff about cybersecurity basics

→ Control of employees’ access

→ password protocol (strong password + change it regularly)

→ antivirus software or firewalls

→ Use secure cloud storage and backups

- How can I recognize ransomware ?

→ You will know that you have been infected when there is a ransom message on your screeen. The message will demand you to pay a certain amount, in the form of cryptocurrency.

-What is a data breach ?

→ A data breach is when someone from outside the company accesses the company’s data.

- What is a scam ?

→ Any fraudulent business that takes money from an unsuspecting person. There are various types of online scams. The most common type of online scam is phishing.

-Type of fraud encountered :

→ fake online shopping sites

→ fake posts

→ fraudulent gift cards /vouchers

→ you pay for something you’ll never receive

→ credit card numbers or other personal/sensitive information are stolen

→ risks of identity theft or personal information sold on the Dark Web.

- What is end-to-end encryption ?

→ End-to-end encryption insures only you and the person you’re communicating with can read or listen to what is sent and nobody in-between.

→ Your messages are secured with a lock and only the recipient and you (the sender) have the special key needed to unlock or read them.

-What is two-factor authentication ?

→ 2FA allows to get a higher level of security. It requires 2 separate, distinct forms of identification in order to access something. 

The 1st is usually a password and the 2nd is a text with a code sent to your smartphone or biometrics using your fingerprint/face/retina. 

- Some basic good online practices to improve security :

→ Inform / train your staff

→ Never open attachments or click on a link in emails from unknown senders

→ Check e-mails, spelling mistakes, suspicious links

→ Back up your data regularly

→ Encrypt sensitive data

How can a company make sure its data is safe when the staff are working from home? 

→ Make sure that regular updates are made

→ Use of a VPN (Virtual Private Network)

→ Use two-factor authentication

→ IT charter: train the employees.

→ Do not click on any link, attachments from unknown resources

→ Do not reveal personal information on social media.

→ Respect the security of passwords (a strong one with a mix of upper and lower cases + special characters).

→ Keep your password secret .

→ Do not leave an open session on your terminal.

What are the GDPR? 

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) = European rules to give some control back to EU citizen over their personal data.

-What are the different ways of storing data? 

→ Different devices: external HDs / SSDs / USB flash drives ...online storage 

- What are the advantages and drawbacks of physical storage devices? 

→ SSDs: large storage capacity but more expensive / USB flash drives: Practical but can be easily lost or stolen + vulnerable to natural disasters (flood/fire) 

-Positive aspects of online storage

→ Online storage: more storage capacity, everybody can access it anywhere/anytime, lower cost than physical storage 

- Cloud Computing

1. Should you store all your data in a cloud service? 

No. Data should be classified (level of sensitivity/importance). 

More sensitive data can be stored on-site (Private information about customers / backups / employee information.) 

2. What factors should be taken into account when choosing a service? 

How much does it cost? (PAYG = Pay as you go service) 

How is my data stored? (isolated from other customer's data? Encrypted?) 

How much storage do I need? Is there a data limit?

Where is my data physically stored? 

How is the data center physically secured? 

Who has access to my data? 

3. Is it possible to reduce the risk associated with using a cloud service? How?

Encrypt data before sending to cloud. 

Make multiple back-ups of data and store in multiple locations. 

Define and restrict access to data within company. 

Check redundancy (data stored in the cloud in two different spaces 

Questions jury complémentaires 

4. What are the benefits of cloud computing? 

- accessibility 

- flexibility 

- affordability 

- low / no maintenance 

- No costly hardware investment 

5. Why should I choose a local storage solution over cloud computing? 

Control on your data 

You don't rely on an Internet connection 

6. Are there any security issues when using cloud computing? 

Data breaches 

Data leaks 

Data theft

Sensitive data given/ sold

No control over the management 

What is AI ?

AI (artificial intelligence) is a technological advancement where machines or robots mimic human intelligence to carry out tasks. It makes shopping simpler, healthcare smarter, and daily life more convenient.

Famous cyberattacks

→ DDoS attacks (Distributed Denial of Service Attack)= a malicious attempt to disrupt normal traffic to a web property. The company’ business is stopped for a certain time. 

→ Phishing: it is an attack which attempts either to collect your credentials so as to gain access to your bank account or your data or to trick you into clicking on a link which will make you download malware, such as a keylogger or a trojan. These two pieces of malware will offer an access to your data to the hacker. 

→ Smishing (phishing via text messages), vishing (phishing via a voice message), whaling (phishing) targeting important people).. 

→ You should +BV /You should not + BV

→ As an IT technician I recommend you to …

→ Instead of + v-ing, you should + BV

→ I advise you to …

→ In order to avoid … you could + BV

- reliable /unreliable = fiable/ pas fiable

- check = vérifier

- allow = permettre / autoriser

- make sure that = s’assurer que

- leak = fuiter

- breach = brêche

- safe / unsafe

- secure /unsecure

- malicious / nefarious = malveillant

- identity theft = usurpation d’identité

- sensitive data = données sensibles

- credentials = identifiants perso

- IT = informatique

- threat = menace

- threaten = menacer

- prevent = empêcher

- avoid = éviter

- improve = améliorer

- hack = pirater

- implement = mettre en place

- fix = réparer

- issue = pb

- target = cible

- victim /perpetrator

- store data = stocker des données

- storage = stockage

- backup = sauvergarder

- update = mise à jour

-loss = perte

- steal = voler

- lower cases / upper cases = minuscules / maj

-AI = Aritificial Intelligence

-cryptocurrency = cryptomonnaie

-digital currency / virtual money = monnaie virtuelle

2) Développement:

• résumer chaque paragraphe en reprenant les idées principales

• ne pas mentionner les paragraphes

  relever quelques chiffres pour montrer une évolution ou diminution...

• ne pas dire : "le journaliste dit que" mais "d'après ..."

• pas de commentaire personnel, s'en tenir au texte

3) Conclusion: courte + montrer l'intérêt du document

• green use

• green disposal

• green designing

The goal is to promote responsible computing in companies.

• Prévoir une intro, une problématique, un développement et une conclusion dans laquelle vous préciserez pourquoi vous avez choisi ce sujet.

  
  

• Faire des phrases simples que vous comprenez. Votre prestation doit être facilement compréhensible par vos camarades.

  
  

• Vous pouvez utiliser Chat GPT à condition de reformuler les idées avec vos propres mots.

1. What was the Enigma machine, and why was it so difficult to break?

2. How did the settings of the Enigma machine affect the complexity of the code?

3. What were the different components of the Enigma machine, and how did they work together?

4. Why did the Germans believe Enigma was unbreakable?

5. What role did daily key settings play in the encryption process?

6. What were the limitations of the Enigma machine that eventually helped codebreakers?

After the war, he contributed to artificial intelligence and theoretical computer science. However, in 1952, he was convicted for homosexuality, which was illegal in Britain at the time. Forced to undergo chemical castration, he died in 1954 under controversial circumstances, with many believing it was suicide. In 2013, the British government posthumously pardoned him, recognizing his immense contributions to science and history.

The title of the first doc is ...

The title of the second document is ...

We can deduce that both documents deal with /are about ...

Both documents are about ...

Now I'm going to focus on document A ....

Now let's talk about document B ...

To finish /To conclude / In conclusion …

(Branch 1: Environmental Impact)

• Manufacturing: Resource extraction, energy consumption, pollution.

• Usage: Energy consumption (computers, servers, networks), heat generation.

• E-waste: Hazardous materials, improper recycling, soil and water pollution.

• Data Centers: High energy and water consumption.

(Branch 2: IT Solutions for the Environment)

• Smart Grids: Energy efficiency, renewable energy sources.

• Precision Agriculture: Optimized water and fertilizer use.

• Environmental Monitoring: Data collection on air and water quality.

• Smart Buildings: Energy and water management.

• Sustainable Transportation: Electric vehicles, traffic management.

• Remote Work: Reduced commuting.

• Cloud Computing: Resource optimization.

• Data Minimization: Reduce data storage needs.

(Branch 3: Mitigation Strategies)

• Circular Economy: Sustainable design, recycling, reuse.

• Energy Efficiency Standards: Device energy ratings.

• Renewable Energy: Solar and wind power.

• Responsible E-waste Management: Certified recycling.

• Virtualization: Reducing physical servers.

• Sustainable Procurement: Selecting eco-friendly IT products.

(Branch 4: Emerging Technologies)

• Blockchain: Supply chain tracking, carbon credit trading.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Energy optimization, predictive maintenance.

• Edge Computing: Reduced data transmission.

• to threaten → menacer

• to attack → attaquer

• to hack → pirater

• to breach → compromettre (un système / des données)

• to exploit → exploiter (une faille)

• to infect → infecter

• to steal → voler (des données)

• to intercept → intercepter

• to bypass → contourner

2. Verbs about protection

* to protect → protéger

* to secure → sécuriser

* to prevent → prévenir / empêcher

* to avoid → éviter

* to defend → défendre

* to block → bloquer

* to monitor → surveiller

* to detect → détecter

3. Verbs about access & control

* to access → accéder à

* to log in / to sign in → se connecter

* to log out / to sign out → se déconnecter

* to authenticate → authentifier

* to authorize → autoriser

* to grant access → accorder l’accès

* to deny access → refuser l’accès

4. Verbs about data

* to encrypt → chiffrer

* to decrypt → déchiffrer

* to store → stocker

* to back up → sauvegarder

* to recover → récupérer

* to leak → divulguer / fuiter

5. Verbs about systems & maintenance

* to update → mettre à jour

* to install → installer

* to patch → corriger (faille)

* to upgrade → améliorer / mettre à niveau

* to configure → configurer

1. Basic Concepts

• Cybersecurity: protection of systems, networks, and data

• Threat: potential danger

• Vulnerability: weakness in a system

• Risk: probability of damage

• Attack: attempt to exploit a system

• Exploit: use of a vulnerability

• Breach / Data breach: unauthorized access to data

2. Types of Cyber Attacks

• Malware: malicious software

  • Virus: spreads by attaching to files

  • Worm: self-replicating malware

  • Trojan (Trojan horse): disguised malicious software

  • Ransomware: blocks access until payment

  • Spyware: collects user data secretly

• Phishing: fraudulent emails to steal information

• Spear phishing: targeted phishing attack

• DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service): overloads a server

• Man-in-the-middle attack (MITM): intercepts communication

• Brute force attack: tries many passwords

3. Authentication & Access

• Authentication: verifying identity

• Authorization: granting access

• Credentials: login information

• Username / Password

• Multi-factor authentication (MFA): multiple verification methods

• Biometrics: fingerprint, facial recognition

4. Security Tools & Technologies

• Firewall: filters network traffic

• Antivirus: detects malware

• Encryption: converts data into secure code

• Decryption: decoding encrypted data

• VPN (Virtual Private Network): secure connection

• Proxy server: intermediary between user and internet

• IDS (Intrusion Detection System)

• IPS (Intrusion Prevention System)

5. Network Security

• IP address: device identifier

• Port: communication endpoint

• Protocol: communication rules (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP)

• Packet: unit of data

• Network traffic

• Secure connection

6. Data Protection

• Personal data

• Sensitive data

• Data encryption

• Backup: data copy

• Recovery: restoring data

• Data leak

7. Laws & Good Practices

• GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

• Compliance: following regulations

• Privacy policy

• User consent

Good practices:

• Use strong passwords

• Update software regularly

• Avoid suspicious links

• Use MFA

• Backup data