The national security council has directed an increase focus on tackling such threats at source, rather than when they have escalated to full-blown conflict or materialised on UK territory. This will be delivered through close cooperation with key partners and international organisations.

They tackle instability and conflict overseas through an integrated approach that brings together their diplomatic, development, defence and intelligence resources. They will:

• expand the remit of the joint stabilisation unit so that it can help prevent conflict and instability as well as respond to crises

• direct more non-operational, defence engagement overseas towards security sector reform and capability building

• bring military and civilian expertise together in stabilisation response teams

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a795b4440f0b63d72fc51be/Factsheet17-Instability-Conflict-Overseas.pdf

Serious crimes involves a substantial prison sentence and falls under the indictable only category. If this was to happen, you must seek legal advice if you are charged with a indictable only offence. A felony is an example of a serious crime; such as murder, arson or burglary.

An organised crime is a criminal activity that is planned and controlled by powerful groups and carried out on a large scale. Some examples of organised crimes includes drug dealing, child criminal exploitation, cyber-crime, the use of weapons, violence and human trafficking. There are at least 4,500 organised criminal groups active in the United Kingdom.

Threats can be classified into four different categories; direct, indirect, veiled and conditional. A direct threats identifies a specific target and is delivered in a straightforward, clear and explicit manner.

• threats to public safety - security failures can expose the general public to dangers like terrorist attacks or violent crimes. This can jeopardize the safety of individuals and communities resulting in fear and distrust within society.

• economic consequences - security breaches can disrupt businesses both physically and digitally, resulting in financial losses for companies. Additionally, the perception of an insecure environment can deter foreign investments, affecting the economic growth and job opportunities in the UK.

• national security implications - security failures may undermine the UK's national security, making it vulnerable to external threats. This can compromise military operations, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic relations with other countries.

• compromised public safety - if there are failures within the uniformed protective services, it can led to compromised public safety. This can manifest in increased crime rates, slower response times to emergencies and reduced overall security in communities.

• increase vulnerability to terrorist activities - security failures within the the uniformed protective services can create loopholes and weaknesses in the overall security infrastructure. This can make it easier for terrorists or other harmful public actors to carry out attacks, putting both the public and the protective services themselves at risk.

• decreased confidence in law enforcement - failures within the uniformed protective services wear away the trust and confidence that the public has in law enforcement agencies. This can make it more difficult for law enforcement to effectively carry out their duties as the cooperation and support the community are crucial in maintaining safety and security.

Law enforcement agencies such as the police work to prevent and investigate criminal activities to maintain public safety.

Intelligence agencies gather and analyse information to identify potential security threats and take appropriate actions.

Cyber security organizations focus on protecting digital systems and networks from cyber threats, such as hacking or data breaches.

Emergency response teams, like fire departments and paramedics, are responsible for responding to emergencies and insuring public safety.

These services work together to mitigate security threats and protect individuals and communities.

Prevention

• implementing measures to deter and prevent security threats from occurring in the first place. This includes enhancing physical security, implementing robust cybersecurity measures, and conducting risk assessments.

Intelligence gathering

• collecting and analysing information to identify potential security threats. This involves monitoring and analysing data from various sources, both domestically and internationally, to stay ahead of potential risks.

Emergency response and crisis management

• developing and implementing plans to respond effectively to security threats and emergencies. This includes training emergency response teams, conducting drills and exercises, and establishing communication protocols to ensure a coordinated response.

The goal is to minimise the impact of security threats and maintain safety and security.

Contest is split up into four work streams that are known within the counter terrorism community as the 'four p's' which include prevent, pursue, protect and prepare.

Prevent is to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. This includes countering terrorist ideology and challenging those who promote it. This supports individuals who are vulnerable to becoming radicalised when working with sectors and institution where the risk of radicalisation is assessed to be high.

Pursue is to stop terrorist attacks by detecting, prosecuting and otherwise disrupting those who plot to carry out attacks against the UK or it's interests overseas.

Protect is to strengthen the protection against terrorism attacks in the UK or against its interests overseas and reduce their vulnerability. This focuses on border security, transport systems, national infrastructure and public places.

Prepare is to minimise the impact of a terrorist attack. This could include if a terrorist attack cannot be stopped, they will try to mitigate the impact of terrorist attack.

Some other examples around the word include:

• GRU

• Ministry of state

• CIA

The secret intelligence services play a crucial role in managing security threats. They gather and analyse information to identify potential risks and protect national security. These agencies operate and work together to prevent and counteract threats such as terrorism, espionage, and cyber attacks. The activities they carry out is intelligence gathering, analysis and sharing with other relevant agencies. However, specific details about their role is kept hidden for security reasons.

If the GCHQ failed to stay a secret, it could place lives of the UK citizens at home and abroad in danger. However, they try to stay committed to being as open as they can be 'in line with the government openness policy.

https://inews.co.uk/news/gchq-what-stand-for-meaning-name-explained-what-uk-intelligence-does-1549762

• low - an attack is highly unlikely

• moderate - an attack is possible but not likely

• substantial - an attack is likely

• severe - an attack is highly likely

• critical - an attack is highly likely in the near future

Some commons threats we face from terrorism include attacks on public places like transport systems, crowded events or iconic landmarks. Cyberterrorism is also a growing concern, where hackers target critical infrastructure or launch cyber attacks.

GCHQ plays a crucial role identifying and countering terrorist threats. They gather intelligence on potential terrorist activities, monitor communications and work closely with other security agencies to prevent attacks.

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-quarterly-update-to-march-2023/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-and-subsequent-legislation-arrests-outcomes-and-stop-and-search-great-britain-quarterly-u#:~:text=There%20were%20169%20arrests%20for,were%20for%20terrorism%2Drelated%20offences

There has been various incidents in the media including 9/11 attack in United states, the London bombing in 2005, and the Paris attacks in 2015. These incidents, among others, have had a profound impact on global security and have been extensively covered by the media.

Perceptions of deprivation and inequality

• Perceptions of deprivation and inequality, especially amongst culturally defined groups, can lead to terrorism.

Adverse childhood experience

• adverse childhood experience combined with specific influences

  from family and peers or online connections, may make someone more susceptible to radicalisation.

Alienation

• alienating a particular regional, socio-cultural and religious faction can cause structural dysfunctions at a domestic level and sometimes give rise to terrorism

Some well known terrorist organizations include;

• Al-Qaeda: This is a militant Sunni Islamism multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin laden. It is responsible for the September 11 attacks in the USA, amongst other attacks.

• Boko Haram: This is a Jihadist terrorist organization based in north-eastern Nigeria. It has been responsible for numerous attacks on civilians including the kidnapping of over 200 school girls in 2014.

• Isis: This is a Salafi jihadist militant group and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. It has been responsible for multiple attacks round the world, including the 2015 Paris attacks and the 2016 Brussel bombings.

There are many other terrorist organizations around the world.

• A series of coordinated terrorist attacks happened in Paris, France on the 13th of November in 2015 which killed 130 people and injured hundreds.

• There was a suicide bombing in London on the July 7th in which killed 52 people and injured 700 others.

• On the 15th of April 2013, there was two bomb which exploded near the finish like of the Boston Marathon (took place in Boston, Massachusetts) which killed three people and injured over 260 others.

  
  

  A well known terrorist attack that took place was at the Manchester area (located in Manchester, England) whilst Ariana Grande was performing a concert. It took place on the 22nd May 2017. The attack happened at the end of the concert, killing 23 people including the assailant and injured 1,017 others. The terrorist attack was known as an Islamic terrorist suicide bombing. ' The bombing was the deadliest act of terrorism and the first suicide bombing in the United Kingdom since the 7th of July 2005 London Bombings'.

These tactics and methods are in place to cause suffering to many people.

The tactics are used to prevent, detect and respond to terrorist attacks. The prevent aims to stop people from becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. The pursue aims to stop terrorist attacks from happening. The protect aims to strengthen protection against a terrorist attack. The prepare aims to minimize the impact of a terrorist attack.

The most counter terrorism strategies involve an increase in policing and domestic intelligence gathering. Reducing the threat of terrorism against the UK and its interests abroad is the strategy's main goal. It outlines the UK's strengthened response to a domestic terrorist threat that is one more on the rise and getting less predictable. The revised approach also tackles terrorist' use of technology and the ongoing and changing danger posed by Islamist organisations abroad.

Their involvement is;

• terrorism

• drug trafficking

• cyber crime

• human trafficking

  Trevi

Trevi stands for terrorism, radicalism, extremism, violence and internationally. The trevi group was set up in 2976 by the 12 EC states to counter terrorism and to coordinate policing in the EC.

Europol officers have no direct power of arrest. Their task is to support law enforcement colleagues working across Europe by gathering, analysing and dissemination criminal intelligence and coordinating international police operations.

Interpol is not a police force and has no power to arrest anyone, investigate or prosecute crimes however they can assist arrests (tell police or report an incident). They play a crucial role in combatting transnational crimes.

There are 194 member countries involved in Interpol which help police work together to make the world a safer place. Some countries that signed up first are;

• Austria

• Egypt

• Greece

• China

• Italy

• France

Interpol notice

The Interpol notices are international alerts used by police to communicate information about crimes, criminals and threats to their counterparts around the world. The notice would be alerted if a criminal is on the run, there is a missing person, a prison runaway and an unidentified body that has been found.

The yellow notice is a global police alert for a missing person. This is published for victims of parental abductions, criminal abductions (kidnappings) or unexplained disappearances.

The red notice is a request to law enforcement worldwide to locate and provisionally arrest a person pending extradition, surrender, or similar legal action. This is not an international arrest warrant.

3 main category's

• terrorism

• cybercrime

• organised crime

Responsibilities

• checking the immigration status of people arriving in and departing the UK

• search baggage and vehicles

• gather intelligence