"but the cascading disruptions during the pandemic also took a heavy toll on the Black community including homicide"

"Identifying causal factors is critical as interventions designed to reduce homicide rates need to target the underlying cause, rather than correlated effects."

"when resources are unequally distributed, individuals with limited wealth and income may have incentives to undertake high-risk activities'

1."homicide cannot be explained with reference only to pathologies that produce maladaptive behaviors"

2.most homicide is, rather than a manifestation of mental illness, a complex, facultative capability sensitive to the conditional payoffs for competition over limited resources

the social dominant hypothesis proceeds as follows

"which proposes that societies create explicit hierarchies based on factors that privilege dominant groups, disadvantage subordinate groups and use physical force and ideological indoctrination to enforce norms of inequality, which in turn may spark violence within disadvantaged groups"

"Importantly, this framework suggests that homicide rates disproportionately impact non-white communities owing to a long history of systemic racism towards racial and ethnic minority groups"