Discussion Board #2 by Cintia Romero https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56 en-us 2023-02-15 23:19:49 UTC 2025-11-07 20:58:19 UTC hello@padlet.com Subdivisions of the ANS. cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484232038 The Autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral efferent nervous system has two subdivisions. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.]]> 2023-02-15 23:50:26 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484232038 Sympathetic Nervous System cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484236188 The sympathetic nervous system is also called the Adrenergic system. This system regulates the activity of the internal organs and glands during physical and mentally stressful situations. 
-For example, the whole body will be stimulated as one neuron acts on many.
- The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and some norepinephrine that travels to receptor sites and produces sympathetic responses.]]> 2023-02-15 23:57:15 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484236188 Parasympathetic Nervous System cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484497123 The parasympathetic nervous system also know as Cholinergic, works on:
- Balance 
- Stimulation of ONE specific body part/system
- Increases digestion
- Increases Urination and defecation]]> 2023-02-16 05:07:10 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484497123 Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic Nervous System cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484503945 The neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system:
- Acetylcholine (ACH)
      >released at ganglia from the presynaptic nerve ending
- Norepinephrine (NE)
      > released at postganglionic nerve endings 
      > released by the adrenal medulla 
- Epinephrine (EPI)
      >Acts on adrenergic receptors
      >produced by the adrenal medulla 
- Dopamine (DA) 
      >sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter
      >precursor to NE
>stimulates many receptors ( alpha, beta, dopaminergic)]]> 2023-02-16 05:17:23 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484503945 Neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484509762 The PNS uses Acetylcholine (ACH) as it's main neurotransmitter at ganglia and postganglionic ]]> 2023-02-16 05:25:31 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484509762 Adrenergic Receptors cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484552320 > Alpha-1 (contraction of smooth muscle): It's usually located in most arteries and veins. It can also be found in the iris muscle of the eye.
> Alpha-2: Located in Adrenergic nerve ending.
> Beta-1 (stimulation of cardiac muscle): Located in the heart.
> Beta-2 (relaxation of smooth muscle): Located in bronchiolar smooth muscle, uterus, coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels.]]> 2023-02-16 06:24:58 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2484552320 Effects from sympathetic stimulation. cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485660858 -Adrenal Medulla: releases epinephrine 
-Arteries: Vasoconstrict (Except for the coronary arteries to skeletal muscle, which are dilated.)
-Heart: Increases heart rate and AV conduction. Increases contractility.
-Intestines/ GI motility/ and secretions: Decreased 
-Postganglionic neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine released 
-pupil of the eye: dilation (mydriasis)
-Respiratory passages (lower): bronchodilation
-Urinary bladder: relaxation
-Urinary Sphincter: contaction]]> 2023-02-16 23:10:44 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485660858 Parasympathetic Effects cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485666602 -Adrenal Medulla: No effects.
-Arteries: Most arteries are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves.
-Heart: Decreases heart rate and AV conduction.
-Intestines, GI motility, and secretion's: Increased
-Postganglionic neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine released.
-Pupil of the eye: constriction (miosis)
-Respiratory passages (lower): Bronchoconstriction 
-Urinary bladder: contraction
-Urinary sphincter: relaxation  ]]> 2023-02-16 23:20:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485666602 ANS Drug Effects cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485682183 >Sympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the sympathetic system (adrenergic, agonists)
>sympatholytic: drugs that work against the sympathetic system (adrenergic blocking, blockers, inhibitors, antagonists)]]> 2023-02-16 23:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485682183 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485697340 MOA:
  -Alpha-1 receptor is stimulated
  -contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases BP.
  -vasoconstriction of nasal passages which leads to decongestant effect.
DRUGS:
  -ephedrine: increases BP
  -phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine®)- increases BP, nasal decongestant]]> 2023-02-17 00:10:28 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485697340 Adrenergic Agonists cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485706096 MOA: 
  -Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors, an exception
  -Vasopressor- vasoconstriction, increases BP
  -Cardiac stimulant 
  -Bronchodilator
DRUGS:
  -epinephrine (Adrenalin®) ]]> 2023-02-17 00:20:33 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485706096 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485972737 MOA:
-Binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them
-relaxation of smooth muscle
-vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP
-relaxes smooth muscle and increases urine flow.
DRUGS:
1. prazosin (Minipress prazosin®): Hypertension
2. terazosin (Hytrin®): Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
3. doxazosin (cardura®): Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.]]> 2023-02-17 05:58:47 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485972737 Beta Adrenergic Agonists cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485977069 Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
MOA:
-Low dose: stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
-Moderate dose: stimulates beta-1 receptors-heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output.
-High dose: stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. 

DRUGS: 
1. dobutamine 
uses: treatment of shock, increases blood pressure, and increases heart function. ]]> 2023-02-17 06:07:04 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485977069 Beta Adrenergic Agonists cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485991377 Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
MOA:
-stimulates beta-2 receptors
-relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs, leading to bronchodilation.
-relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus

DRUGS:
1. albuterol (Proventil®, ventolin®)- bronchodilation
2. terbutaline (Brethine®)- bronchodilator, uterine relaxant
3. formoterol (Foradil®)- bronchodilator
4.salmeterol (Serevent®)- bronchodilator
>Uses: asthma, respiratory illness/ disease, preterm labor]]> 2023-02-17 06:32:35 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2485991377 Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486004198 MOA:
- beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes btea-1 effects of NE and EPI)
- decreases force of contraction (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
- decreases HR (negative dromotropic)
- decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP.

DRUGS:
1. atenolol (Tenormin®)
2. metoprolol (Lopressor®)
>Uses: hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma, heart failure (decreases sympathetic activity)]]> 2023-02-17 06:52:08 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486004198 Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486784509 MOA:
>block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
> decreases force of contraction (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output.
> decreases heart rate (negative chronotropic)
> decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
> decrease in cardiac output, also decreases blood pressure.
> can cause bronchoconstriction

DRUGS:
1. nadolol (Corgard®)
2. propanolol (Inderal®)
3. timolol (Blocadren®)
>Uses: Hypertension, arrhythmias, angina, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma, hear failure.]]> 2023-02-17 21:06:38 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486784509 ANS Drug Effects cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486788881 > Parasympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the parasympathetic system (agonists, cholinergic.)
> Parasympatholytics: drugs that work against the parasympathetic system (antagonists, anticholingerics)]]> 2023-02-17 21:15:29 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486788881 Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486800235 MOA:
- directly stimulate/bind to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division 
- mimics ACH
DRUGS:
1. acetylcholine-used for miosis, cataract, and other eye surgeries
          -MOA: pupil constriction
2. pilocarpine (Pilocar® )-used for glaucoma
         -MOA: pupil constriction; decreases the amount of fluid in the eye; decreases  intraocular pressure
3. bethanechol (Urecholine®)-used for urinary retention and ileus/intestinal stasis
-MOA: stimulates muscarinic receptors of the bladder and GI tract to prevent constipation and urinary retention post-op and in the elderly.
]]> 2023-02-17 21:37:51 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486800235 Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486802385 MOA:
> inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse
> increases ACH

DRUGS:
1. neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
  • Uses: urinary retention and intestinal stasis/ileus, reversal of anticholinergic- rocuronium bromide (Zemuron®) with respiratory paralysis from anesthesia by increasing ACH at the nicotinic 2 (Nm) receptors on skeletal muscle, treatment for myasthenia gravis

  • myasthenia gravis-autoimmune disease causing skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis, antibodies attack the Nm/N2 receptor

  • Antidote to overdose of anticholinergics: physostigmine (Eserine®)
]]> 2023-02-17 21:42:27 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486802385 Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486803541 MOA:
  • bind to a cholinergic receptor 
  • acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism
DRUGS:
1. atropine -the antidote for cholinergic poisoning
  • Increase HR, decreases vagus nerve activity (parasympathetic), pre-op med-slows digestion and urination, mydriasis
2. dicyclomine (Bentyl®)- used for GI disorders (ulcers, colitis, IBS)
  • decreases GI secretions and motility
3. ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)-bronchodilation
]]> 2023-02-17 21:44:59 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486803541 Sources cintiaromero1 https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486812304 Powerpoints:
> U2 ANS part 1
>U2 ANS part 2]]> 2023-02-17 22:05:59 UTC https://padlet.com/cintiaromero1/gl7wacoi96eb2z56/wish/2486812304