3.Duck - the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae.
We had roast duck.
4.Lamb - is one of the most common meats around the world, taken from the domestic sheep.
A young sheep is a lamb.
5.Pork - is the culinary name for the meat of the pig

We're having pork roast for dinner.
PERSONALITY
1. Affectionate - being warm, tender, and loving.

He's an affectionate little boy.

2. Ambitious - someone always striving to reach a goal. 

She has some ambitious plans for her business.

3. Anxious - is a feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness. 

She's very anxious about her exams.

4. Bossy - enjoy telling people what to do.

She's bossy and stubborn and-and inflexible and uncouth.

5. Charming - they behave in a friendly, pleasant way that makes people like them.

He's very charming, but that's beside the point.

6. Competitive - eager to be more successful than other people.

We are so competitive and ambitious. 

7. Honest - telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat, or lie.

She's completely honest.

8. Imaginative - To be imaginative is to be inventive and original
9. Independent - having enough money to support oneself without help from others. 

They lead an independent life.

10. Insecure - feeling of inadequacy (not being good enough) and uncertainty.

I wonder what it was about her upbringing that made her so insecure. 

11. Mature - fully developed and balanced in their personality and emotional behaviour.

Laura is very mature for her age. 

12. Moody - emotions change unpredictably and often. 

He had seemed moody all morning.

13. Patient - a person who is receiving medical care, or who is cared for by a particular doctor or dentist.

Be patient with her - she's very young. 

14. Rebellious - difficult to control and do not behave in the way that is expected.

Her teachers regard her as a rebellious, trouble-making girl.

15. Reliable - is someone that you can trust to work hard and do what they say they will do.

It's an old car, but it's very reliable.

16. Self-confident - an attitude about your skills and abilities.

Many people who lack self confidence really want to be more self confident.

17. Selfish - concerned excessively or exclusively with oneself.

She is a selfish person.

18. Sensible - having, containing, or indicative of good sense or reason.

They were sensible of the danger that they faced.

MONEY
1. Be worth - to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action.

They'd be worth big money today.

2. Borrow - to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time.

He borrowed the book from the library.

3. Can’t afford - they have no money in the budget for whatever you want them to buy.

If you cannot afford something, you do not have enough money to pay for it.

4. Charge - the obligation of a party to pay any amount to the other party as required under this agreement, including the obligation to pay Charges and End of Term Costs.

5. Cost - an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something.

This book costs ten dollars.

6. Earn - to receive as return for effort and especially for work done or services rendered.

I did nothing to deserve or earn it.

7. Inherit - receive (money, property, or a title) as an heir at the death of the previous holder.

All her children will inherit equally.

8. Lend - to give for temporary use on condition that the same or its equivalent be returned.

I lent our ladder to the neighbors.

9. Owe -  to need to pay or repay money to a person, bank, business.

He owes a lot of money to the bank. 

10. Raise - to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher.

They're raising money for charity. 

11. Save - to rescue from danger or possible harm, injury, or loss. 

He fell in the river but his friend saved him from drowning
TRANSPORT
1. Coach - someone who trains a person or team of people in a particular sport.
She is coaching the crew.
2. Ferry - convey in a ferry or other ship or boat, especially across a short stretch of water.
We took a ferry across the river.
3. Lorry - a large motor vehicle designed to carry heavy loads, esp one with a flat platform.
My lorry was in a pretty poor state.
4. Motorbike - a road vehicle with two wheels, driven by an engine, with one seat for the driver and often a seat for a passenger behind the driver.
Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it.
5. Motorway - freeways in the western states and highways elsewhere.
We tore down the motorway at top speed.
7. Tram - a passenger vehicle powered by electricity conveyed by overhead cables, and running on rails laid in a public road.
The tram emits no pollutants, only water.
8. Underground - hidden or secret; not open.
I always prefer travelling by the underground because it is one of the most comfortable means of transport.
9. Van - type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people.
The van was driven to waiting trenches.
SPORT
1. Captain - the person in command of a ship.

He found a vessel whose captain was prepared to sign him on.

2. Fans - an enthusiast for a particular athlete, team, sport, or all of organized sports as a whole.
I am a huge sports fan so this was pretty exciting for me.
3. Coach - coach's role is to help people explore issues, unblock barriers, see different perspectives and increase the options that are consciously available to them before supporting them to make a decision and create an action plan to achieve their desired outcome.
She is coaching the crew.
4. Referee - an official who watches a game or match closely to ensure that the rules are adhered to and (in some sports) to arbitrate on matters arising from the play.
The referee stopped the fight.

6. Spectators - a person who watches at a show, game, or other event.

Around fifteen thousand spectators came to watch the thrills and spills.

7. The crowd - a large group of people who have gathered together.
They feel safe when hiding in the crowd.
8. Sports hall - a large public room, often part of a school, college.
The track takes us to a sports hall.
PEOPLE
1. Classmate - a fellow member of a class at school, college, or university.
He runs as fast as any other classmate.
2. Close friend - often trusted confidants, provide emotional support
I don't have a large friendship group, but I do have three very close friend.
3. Colleague - a person with whom one works in a profession or business.
He asked his colleagues for advice
4. Couple - two people or things of the same sort considered together.
The couple met at a party last year.
5. Fiancé - a man to whom someone is engaged to be married.
You killed my son, now my fiancée
6. Flatmate - a person who shares a flat with others.

My flatmate moved out a month ago

If you've ever seen a romcom before you might be able to guess where this is going.

5. A science fiction film - is a film genre that uses speculative, fictional science-based depictions of phenomena that are not fully accepted by mainstream science, such as extraterrestrial lifeforms, spacecraft, robots
6. A war film - a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles
A war film that gives hope
7. A western - is a genre of fiction typically set in the American frontier between the California Gold Rush of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890.
I'm not sure they expected a Western democracy

PEOPLE AND THINGS
1. Audience - the assembled spectators or listeners at a public event such as a play, film, concert, or meeting.

He asked for questions from members of the audience.

2. Cast - the legal way for producers to write up a contract without actually telling you what you will be doing in the show.
The moon cast a pale light over the cottages
3. Critic - person who expresses an unfavourable opinion of something.

Critics of the new legislation say it is too broad.

4.Extra - beyond or more than what is usual, expected, or necessary; additional.
They offered him an extra thirty-five cents an hour.
5. Plot - the way a story is presented.
The plot of this film is predictable
6. Script - The written version of what you're supposed to say, whether for a wedding toast or a play.
She rushed through her script
7. Sequel - an event that follows or comes afterward.
I love the original and liked the sequel
8. Subtitles - captions displayed at the bottom of a cinema or television screen that translate or transcribe the dialogue or narrative.

Films in foreign languages with English subtitles.

9. Scene - the place where an incident in real life or fiction occurs or occurred.

The emergency team were among the first on the scene.

10. Trailer - commercial advertisement, originally for a feature film that is going to be exhibited in the future at a movie theater or cinema.
11. Soundtrack - provide (a film) with a soundtrack.

It is soundtracked by the great Ennio Morricone.

THE BODY
1. Arms - a human upper limb.
They have been charged with supplying arms to the guerrillas
2. Back - the rear surface of the human body from the shoulders to the hips.

He lay on his back.

3. Chin - the protruding part of the face below the mouth, formed by the apex of the lower jaw.

Grey stubble covered his cheeks and chin.

4. Ears - is the organ that enables hearing and (in mammals) body balance using the vestibular system.
The ears are organs of hearing and balance
5. Eyes - is an organ of the sensory nervous system that reacts to visible light and allows the use of visual information for various purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, and maintaining circadian rhythm
6. Face - the front part of a person's head from the forehead to the chin, or the corresponding part in an animal.

She was scarlet in the face and perspiring profusely

7. Feet - the lower extremity of the leg below the ankle, on which a person stands or walks
8. Fingers - each of the four slender jointed parts attached to either hand.

She raked her hair back with her fingers.

9. Head - the upper or anterior division of the animal body that contains the brain, the chief sense organs, and the mouth
10. Knees - is the largest joint in the human body.
The knee joint is the biggest joint in your body
11. Neck - the part of a person's or animal's body connecting the head to the rest of the body.

She had a silver crucifix around her neck.

12. Shoulders - is a ball-and-socket joint that allows you to perform a wide range of movements.
Our shoulders connect our upper arms to our torso.
13. Stomach - The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ in the upper part of the abdomen

EDUCATION
1. Boarding - the process in which new employees gain the knowledge and skills they need to become effective members of an organization.
Borz was seen boarding a flight yesterday to Maracaibo.
2. Degree - the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present.

A degree of caution is probably wise. 

3. Nursery - a room in a house for the special use of young children.

A toy-strewn nursery.

4. Primary - means basically "first”
Her primary purpose in suing the newspaper for libel was to clear her name.
5. Pupils - a person who is taught by another, especially a schoolchild or student in relation to a teacher.

They are former pupils of the school

6. Secondary - coming after, less important than, or resulting from someone or something else that is primary.

The plot is of secondary importance: what matters most is the relationships between the characters.

7.Terms - a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession, or subject.
They acceded to all his terms

DISTIPLINE AND EXAMS
1. Not be allowed to - He is not allowed to be here
2. Be expelled -  the removal of a student from an academic institution due to refusing to follow the school's rules.
She knew she wouldn't be expelled.
3. Be punished - inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offence, especially a transgression of a legal or moral code.

I have done wrong and I'm being punished for it

4. Cheat - to practice fraud or trickery.
I suspect he cheats on his taxes.
5. Misbehave - to conduct (oneself) badly or improperly.
He doesn't deliberately misbehave to annoy you.

HOUSES
1. The country - a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory.

The country's increasingly precarious economic position.

2. The outskirts - the outer parts of a town or city.

He built a new factory on the outskirts of Birmingham.

3. A village - a group of houses and associated buildings, larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town, situated in a rural area.

Pretty fishing villages.

4. The east coast - The East Coast of the United States, is the Atlantic coastline of the United States. It is also called the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard.
5. The second floor - the floor of a building that is two floors above ground level. 
the floor two levels above the ground floor.

6. A suburb - an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.

A highly respectable suburb of Chicago. 

PARTS OF A HOUSE
1. Attic - a space or room inside or partly inside the roof of a building.

I discovered a dozen rolls of the original wallpaper in a tin trunk in the attic.

2. Basement - the floor of a building which is partly or entirely below ground level.

They went down the stairs into the basement.

3. Chimney - a vertical channel or pipe which conducts smoke and combustion gases up from a fire or furnace and typically through the roof of a building.

A coal fire thrust yellow flames up the chimney.

4. Entrance - an opening, such as a door, passage, or gate, that allows access to a place.

The southern entrance of the palace.

5. Gate - a hinged barrier used to close an opening in a wall, fence, or hedge.

She closed the front gate.

6. Ground floor - the floor of a building at ground level.

A ground-floor flat.

7. Path - a way or track laid down for walking or made by continual treading.

The path continues alongside the river for half a mile.

8. Roof - the structure forming the upper covering of a building or vehicle.

The rain woke him, hammering on the roof.

9. Top floor - the highest level of a building.
The penthouse apartment is on the top floor.

Pauline loves pie.

I’m sorry to hear that you’re sick.
The other is to talk about habitual actions or occurrences.Examples: 

Pauline practices the piano every day.

Ms. Jackson travels during the summer.
Site : grammarly.com

Present Continuous - verb tense indicates that an action or condition is happening now, frequently, and may continue into the future.

The Present Continuous Formula: to be [am, is, are] + verb [present participle]

Examples : 

Aunt Christine is warming up the car while Scott is looking for his new leather coat. They are eating at Scott’s favorite restaurant today, Polly’s Pancake Diner.
Site : grammarly.com

Action and non-action verbs
Action verbs are verbs that describe an action, for example, 'read', 'do', 'make', or 'run'. Non-action verbs, otherwise known as stative verbs, are verbs that describe states, senses, possession, emotions, and opinions - essentially, all the more abstract verbs. Examples include 'mean', 'love', 'know', or 'own.
Site : twinkl.com.au

1B.
Be going to + infinitive
We use 'going to + infinitive' to talk about intentions or decisions for the future:

I've made my decision. I'm going to quit smoking.

Are you going to come to the party tonight?

When we make a spontaneous decision at the time of speaking (not before), we use 'will + infinitive':

'It's cold in here' 'I'll go and shut the window.'

'Can you send me the information I need?' 'Sure, I'll do it right away.
Site : linguahouse.com

Will/Shall/Won’t
The words will and shall are auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) that are used to form the simple future tense. Technically, the traditional rule of future tense says that shall is used in the first person (I, we) and will is used in all other persons (you, he/she, they).
Shall and will are irregular verbs that follow a similar pattern: the past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would. The auxiliary verb can also follows a similar pattern: its past tense form is could.Examples: 
The concert will begin at 8 p.m.

The dinner shall consist of eight courses.

Will you get mad if I eat the last slice of pizza?
Site : thesaurus.com
When we say won’t, we are actually saying will not. The form with the apostrophe is a contraction, like “don’t” and “can’t.” We owe the “o” in won’t to a sixteenth-century form of the word: wonnot. Example : 

You won’t find a better farmers market in the city.
Site : grammarly.com

2A.
Present perfect
The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb.

We use the present perfect:

for something that started in the past and continues in the present:

They've been married for nearly fifty years.

She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

when we are talking about our experience up to the present:

I've seen that film before.

I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.

He has written three books and he is working on another one.
Site : learningenglish.britishcouncil.org

Past Simple
The past simple shows us that an action was in the past, not in the present. Regular past simple verbs have -ed at the end (e.g. called, played, arrived). Irregular verbs have a different form, usually with a different vowel sound (e.g. wake → woke, break → broke, feel → felt).

My parents called me yesterday.

I woke up early this morning.

Sam played basketball when he was at university.

We make the negative with didn't and the infinitive verb.

My parents didn't call me yesterday.

I didn't wake up early this morning.

We make the question form with did and then the subject and infinitive verb.

Did you wake up early this morning?

Did Sam play basketball when he was at university?

Site : learnenglish.britishcouncil.org

2B.
Present perfect + for/since
Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a point in time. FOR and SINCE can also both be used with the past perfect. SINCE can only be used with perfect tenses. FOR can also be used with the simple past
For + a period of time

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours

I have worked here for five years.

Since + a point in time

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday

since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock

I have worked here since 1990.

Present perfect with FOR

She has lived here for twenty years.

We have taught at this school for a long time.

Present perfect with SINCE

She has lived here since 1980.

We have taught at this school since 1965.
Site : ef.com

Present perfect continuous
The present perfect continuous (also known as the present perfect progressive) is a verb tense used to talk about something that started in the past and is continuing at the present time.

I have been reading War and Peace for a month now.

In this sentence, using the present perfect continuous conveys that reading War and Peace is an activity that began sometime in the past and is not yet finished in the present (which is understandable, given the length of Leo Tolstoy’s weighty tome)
Site : grammarly.com

3A. Comparative and Superlative
What is comparative?
Comparative Adjectives are words used to describe a noun by comparing it to another noun. We usually think of ‘er’ words like bigger or smaller, but they can be a little trickier than that. 

The way we form comparative adjectives is based on the number of syllables in the adjective and whether or not the adjective ends with the letter ‘y’.
I am faster than my friend.

Arizona is hotter than Alaska

What is a Superlative?

Superlative Adjectives are words used to describe a noun when comparing it to two or more nouns to the highest or lowest degree. Think: big, bigger, biggest, or small, smaller, smallest. 

Like with comparative adjectives, it’s not always as simple as adding ‘est’. The number of syllables and whether or not the adjective ends with the letter ‘y’ also help us determine how to form a superlative adjective.
She is the tallest student.

That was the shortest movie in the series.
Site : albert.io 

3B. Articles : a / an, the, no article
Articles in English grammar are parts of speech used in a sentence. They come in two forms: indefinite and definite articles. When an article is used in a sentence, it tells the reader that something exists or has been previously mentioned as being true or having a certain quality. In other words, an article is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun, for example, ‘a dog’, ‘a cat’, ‘an apple.’

We use “a” when the noun or adjective that comes next begins with a consonant sound. We use “an” when the noun or adjective that comes next begins with a vowel sound.

An apple/A kid/An envelope/A tree.

A is used before a noun that starts with a consonant sound (e.g., “s,” “t,” “v”).

An is used before a noun that starts with a vowel sound (e.g., “a,” “o,” “i”).

“The ” is typically used in accompaniment with any noun with a specific meaning, or a noun referring to a single thing. The important distinction is between countable and uncountable nouns: if the noun is something that can’t be counted or something singular, then use “the”, if it can be counted, then use “a” or “an”.

For example:

Claire is the best at guitar. (there can only be one who’s best)

Crocodiles are the most annoying animal

No article is used when a plural countable noun is generic or nonspecific.

I bought new pens and pencils at the store.

Cats have big eyes that can see in the dark.

Babies cry a lot.

No article is used when a noncount noun is generic or nonspecific.

I bought milk and rice at the store.

We were assigned homework in this class.

There has been previous research on the topic.

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb. We need do/does/did to make negatives and questions in the present and past.

Did you have to change the sound card?

We don’t have to stay until the end.

We can use have to in all the verb forms (present, past and perfect tenses, gerund, to infinitive, etc.)

She’s had to work at weekends since she started working.

I had to cancel the meeting.

It is used to describe an obligation, a rule, or something that is necessary.

You have to drive on the left in England.

I’ll have to get up early tomorrow. The exam is at 8.
Must
Must is a modal verb, and it has a present form, which can be used to talk about the present or future. The negative form is must not or mustn’t, and the question is must I, must you, etc.

You mustn’t call me before 8.

It is used to describe something that the speaker thinks is necessary to do.

I must try to do more exercise.

We can also use must to express strong advice.

You must see the new film; it’s amazing!
Should
Should is used to give advice or an opinion about what we think is right or wrong.

I think schools shouldn’t offer soft drinks to their students. 

Should is not as strong as must or have to.

You should be patient with me. (=advice)

You must be patient with me. (=strong advice)
Site : test-english.com 

4B. Ability and possibility : can,could,be able to
Can/Be able to
The modal verb CAN in the meaning "ability" is used in affirmative and negative statements and questions in the present and future. The future is expressed by the present tense and by the adverbs of time that refer to the future (e.g., tomorrow, soon). The substitute phrase BE ABLE TO can replace CAN in many cases, but CAN is much more common. BE ABLE TO is used as a substitute for CAN in the future and in the past in cases where CAN is not used. Generally, BE ABLE TO is not used with the passive infinitive. Besides, BE ABLE TO is generally used with animate nouns.
This problem can be solved quickly.

This book can be used as an example of good literature for children. 

Will he be able to walk?

The patient won't be able to walk.
Could
COULD is the past form of CAN in the meaning "ability". COULD is used for indicating ability in the past. The substitute phrase "was / were able to" can replace COULD in many cases of ability in the past.

She could play the piano at the age of five. / She was able to play the piano at the age of five.

File : usefulenglish.ru

5A. Past tenses : simple,continuous,perfect
Simple Past Tense:

Describes completed actions or events in the past.

Indicates a specific point in time when the action occurred.

Uses the past tense form of the verb.

Example:

"I finished my work yesterday."

Past Continuous Tense:

Describes ongoing actions or events in the past.

Indicates an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.

Uses the past tense form of "be" (was/were) + present participle (-ing form) of the main verb.

Example:

"She was studying when I called her."

Past Perfect Tense:

Describes an action that was completed before another past action or a specific point in the past.

Indicates the earlier action or event.

Uses "had" + past participle form of the main verb.

Example:

"They had already left when I arrived."

Site : Ieltsonlinetests.com

5B. past and present habits and states.
Past habits with used to

We can use used to to talk about both past habits, actions, or states of being. Use the following formula: subject + used to + base form of the verb. For the negative, use subject + didn’t use to + base form of the verb.

My father used to work after school when he was a boy.   This is a repeated action or past habit. We know he didn’t work only one time. He worked every day.

My uncle didn’t use to work after school, because his family was wealthy. 

I used to do tai chi in high school.   
This is also a repeated action or past habit.

Present habits
We use be used to when we talk about repeated actions in the present. The structure is:

Be + used to + verb + ing OR be + used to + noun, for example:

Harry is used to eating fast food every day.

We are used to the school being cold.

We can also use be used to in the past, for example:

I was used to eating out a lot.

They were used to drinking every night.
Site : roseofyork.com

6A. Passive ( all tenses )
Sentences can be active or passive. We usually use the active in written and spoken language. The difference is that in an active sentence the subject performs the action and in a passive sentence the subject receives the action. Study the following information to learn how to form a passive sentence, how to put an active into a passive sentence and how to form the tenses in the passive voice.
How to form the Passive : 

Form of to be + past participle (3rd form) of the verb

Tense Passive form : 

Present tense am / is / are invited

Past tense was / were invited

Future tense will be invited

Present perfect tense have / has been invited

Past perfect tense had been invited

How to form a passive sentence : 

SUBJECT - FORM OF TO BE + 3rd FORM - ADVERB ...

The room is cleaned every day.

They are sold as pets.

A lot of guests are invited to a party.

Put an active sentence into a passive one:

Active : Subject - Verb - Object

Bats eat insects.

Passive: Subject - Verb - by - Agent

Insects are eaten by bats.

Active : Subject - Verb - Object

Tom saw the burglers.

Passive: Subject - Verb - by - Agent

The burglars were seen by Tom.

Subject of the active sentence → Agent of the passive sentence

Object of the active sentence → Subject of the passive sentence

Site : english-4u.de

6B.Modal’s of deduction : might, can’t, must
We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility. This page focuses on making deductions about the present or future. 

We use must when we feel sure that something is true or it's the only realistic possibility.

This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.

He must live near here because he always walks to work.

We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we're not sure. 

She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.

He's not answering. He could be in class.

We regret to inform you that some services may be delayed due to the bad weather.

We use can't when we feel sure that something is not possible.

It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.

She can't know about the complaint. She's promoted him to team leader.

Site : learningenglish.britishcouncil.org 

7A.First conditional and future time
 clauses + when, until, etc. 
We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.

Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.

When I finish work, I'll call you.

In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/when + present simple >> will + infinitive. 

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if.

I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.

I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.

I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.

You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight.
Site : learningenglish.britishcouncil.org 

7B. Second conditional, choosing between conditionals.
The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.

If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.

I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive. 

When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were. However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/she form.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.

If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.

He would travel more if he was younger.
Site : learningenglish.britishcouncil.org

Examples:

Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence

Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence

I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

He enjoys not working.

The best thing for your health is not smoking.
Infinitive - An infinitive is the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

To learn is important. subject of sentence

The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence

He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

I decided not to go.

The most important thing is not to give up.

8B. reported speech: sentences and question.
Reported speech puts the speaker's words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks. Noun clauses are usually used. In reported speech, the reader does not assume that the words are the speaker's exact words; often, they are a paraphrase of the speaker's words.

Example : 

Hai asked Manny where he was going.

Manny said he was going home.

Note: Use of the word "that" is optional in reported speech. Both of the following sentences are correct:

The child said that they were lost.

The child said they were lost.

Verb Tense in Reported Speech

When you report what someone said in the past, you usually shift back a verb tense from the tense the speaker used. These are some examples of verb shifts:

simple present to simple past

past to past perfect

present perfect to past perfect

Questions in Reported Speech

Word order: The word order in a reported question is the same as in a statement. The subject comes before the verb.

Question: Are you ready?

Statement: I am ready.

Question in reported speech: She wanted to know if I was ready.

Punctuation: If the sentence is a statement, end it with a period even if it contains a reported question.

Statement containing a reported question: She asked me what I thought of the book.

Question containing a reported question: Did she ask what you thought of the book?

Yes or No Questions

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause in reported speech, introduce the noun clause "if" or "whether." "Whether or not" may also be used.

9A. Third conditional
The third conditional is used to imagine a different past. We imagine a change in a past situation and the different result of that change.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.

We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery.

In third conditional sentences, the structure is usually: If + past perfect >> would have + past participle.
Site - learningenglish.britishcoincil.org 

9B.Quantifiers
What are Quantifiers?

A quantifier is a word that usually goes before a noun to express the quantity of the object; for example, a little milk. Most quantifiers are followed by a noun, though it is also possible to use them without the noun when it is clear what we are referring to. For example,

Do you want some milk? – Just a little. (It’s clear that I mean ‘a little milk’.)

There are quantifiers to describe large quantities (a lot, much, many), small quantities (a little, a bit, a few) and undefined quantities (some, any). There are also quantifiers that express the idea of a sufficient amount (enough, plenty).

Much, Many, A lot (of)

We use many, much, a lot (of) to refer to big quantities. We use ‘many’ with countable nouns and ‘much’ with uncountable nouns, and we can use ‘a lot (of)’ with both countable and uncountable nouns. In modern English it is very common to use ‘a lot (of)’ in affirmative sentences instead of ‘many’ and ‘much’.

Here are some examples:

We have a lot of time left, don’t worry.

Many people take the train to work.

When we want to emphasize a really big quantity we can add ‘so’ in front of ‘many’ and ‘much’. For example:

There were so many passengers on the train, it was difficult to get off.

She had so much work to do, she stayed at the office until midnight.  

A Few, A Little, A Bit (of)

To talk about small quantities we can use ‘a few’ and ‘a little’. We use ‘a few’ with countable nouns and ‘a little’ with uncountable nouns. It’s also possible to use ‘a bit’ with uncountable nouns, but it is more informal.

Here are some examples: 

Would you like a little milk in your coffee?

They ate a few biscuits with their tea.

When we want to refer to a small quantity with a negative sense, we use ‘few’ and ‘little’ without ‘a’. For example:

Few trains arrive on time. (A small number of trains arrive on train which is a bad thing.)

Some, Any : 

When we want to refer to a plural noun or an uncountable noun, without giving a specific quantity, we use ‘some’ and ‘any’. We use ‘some’ in affirmatives and ‘any’ in questions and negatives.

Here are some more examples:

We have some free time later this afternoon.

I went to some meetings in Rome last week.

Enough, Plenty (of) : 

The words ‘enough’ and ‘plenty’ express the idea of being a sufficient quantity. Both words can go with countable and uncountable nouns. We use ‘plenty (of)’ to mean there is more than a sufficient quantity of something. For example:

I need more plates. – No, we don’t. There are plenty!

Slow down. We’ve got plenty of time to get to the station.

We use ‘enough’ to express the idea of having, or not having, a sufficient quantity. For example:

I think we have enough vegetables so I won’t buy any more.

But we don’t have enough fruit. Let’s get some more.

Questions about Quantity

When we want to ask the quantity of something, we use ‘how much’ or ‘how many’.

Here are some other examples:

How many times have you visited Rome?

How many people were at the meeting?

We also use ‘how much’ when we ask the cost of something. For example:

How much do these melons cost?

10A. Realities clause : defining and
non-defining
Relative clauses are dependent clauses that provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. 
They begin with a relative pronoun, a relative determiner, or a relative adverb and function as adjectives, modifying the noun or pronoun that they follow.

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes. Examples: 

Here are some cells which have been affected.

They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most.

We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing. It is not necessary information. We don’t need it to understand who or what is being referred to.

We always use a relative pronoun (who, which, whose or whom) to introduce a non-defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.)

Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.

Alice, who has worked in Brussels and London ever since leaving Edinburgh, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn.
Site : dictionarycambridge.org

10B. Tag questions.
A tag question is a small question that is attached , or "tagged", to the end of a sentence. Rather than repeat the main verb, a form of "be" or other auxiliary verb or modal is used in the tag. 
Below are a few examples : 

It’s very windy today, isn’t it?

You can meet me at the station, can’t you?
If the sentence is negative, the tag is usually positive, as in the example below.

You didn’t tell him, did you?

Note: Sentences with negative words are considered to be negative. Therefore, they require positive tag question endings, as in these examples:

He never drinks alcohol, does he?

If the sentence is positive, the tag is usually negative, as in the next example.

You told him, didn’t you?

Tag questions are used to ask for agreement or to ask for things, favours, or new information. To determine which, listen to the speaker's tone. A rising tone at the end of a tag question indicates that it is a real question. The speaker wants to know something or wants someone to do something. Falling tone however, means that the speaker is looking for agreement.
Site : continuingstudies.uvic.ca