Hydrocephalus by Yaheya Idris https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m From a historical context en-us 2021-01-23 21:26:31 UTC 2024-02-21 15:56:51 UTC hello@padlet.com The Father of Modern Medicine yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117538948 This is a picture of Hippocrates, who is attributed with one of the first accurate descriptions of hydrocephalous in the 4th century BC in Greece. 
      Hippocrates is important to hydrocephalous because early in history, he goes on to describes the condition as well as some early treatments for it. Hippocrates also goes on to describe one of the first accounts of Cerebrospinal fluid. He goes on to describe it as "water surrounding the brain". This "water" we now know is actually CSF, and in most cases a buildup of CSF can lead to hydrocephalus. Thus, Hippocrates is further helping to set the stage for what causes hydrocephalus

Sources 
http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/3/334.full

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus]]> 2021-01-23 21:47:48 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117538948 Vesalius's impact yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117548678 This is an exert from a translation of one of Vesalius's manuscripts. During 1550 in Augsburg, Germany Vesalius came across a 2 year old girl with severe hydrocephalous. Vesalius goes on to describe in great details the symptoms of hydrocephalous.  
      Vesalius goes on to further expand upon Hippocrates description of hydrocephalous by attributing it to an accumulation of fluid within the ventricles. This is important as it now takes what Hippocrates has told us and adds upon it to tell is what causes hydrocephalus.

Sources 
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Omer_Steeno/publication/266951471_Andreas_Vesalius%27_corpses/links/54abbb030cf25c4c472f8e15/Andreas-Vesalius-corpses.pdf]]> 2021-01-23 21:57:52 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117548678 Ruysch's magic liquid yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117570678 This is a picture from Frederik Ruysch's 

Thesaurus Anatomicus which was published in 1701 in Amsterdam. Ruysch along with his son developed a type of embalming fluid that allowed for the preservation of organs and vasculature that allowed it to be study for longer time periods without deteriorating. It also kept the color and elasticity which allowed for even more accurate drawings.   He also wanted to further the understanding of anatomical aspects of the human body, so he recruited the help of an artists to draw different "oddities", and amongst those were hydrocephalus.


Sources
https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/frederik-ruysch-and-his-thesaurus-anatomicus

http://memento.muttermuseum.org/detail/ruyschs-thesaurus-anatomicus
]]> 2021-01-23 22:22:37 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117570678 Le Cat's discovery yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117602744 In 1752 in France, Le Cat discovered the reason for why operations involving hydrocephalous had such high fatality rates. Le Cat argued that the reason so many people were dying was because the operation drained the fluid too quickly which consequently put the patient into a state of shock. Le Cat instead created a new tool, which can be seen below. This tool was specifically designed to drain small amounts of fluid over the course of days so as to not put the patients body in shock. 
       This procedure was groundbreaking as it allowed for a much safer way to drain a patient's fluid buildup, it also changed the way hydrocephalous was treated, with emphasis on slowly draining the fluid.

Sources

https://sites.ualberta.ca/~illness/diseases/new_hydrocephalus.html]]> 2021-01-23 23:03:52 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117602744 The First procedure yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117612504 This is a picture taken from the Kitab al-Tasrif which was written by Al-Zahrawi who was an early Arabic physician. In the year 1000 AD in present day Cordoba, Spain he compiled this book that talked about many aspects of medicine but went into great depths about surgical procedures, as well as outlining the tools for said procedures. Amongst these procedures, Al- Zahrawi provided the first documented procedure for hydrocephalous that involved "draining the superficial intracranial fluid." This book allowed for an early procedure to help treat hydrocephalous as well as a set of tools to do the procedure. 

Sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tasrif 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahrawi ]]> 2021-01-23 23:17:33 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117612504 The tools of the trade yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117640380 This picture shows an early rendition of a trocar. A trocar is a hollow steel rod that has a sharp point at the end. The trocar fits over a an outer sleeve. The trocar is used to puncture the skin and allows for an opening to allow the drainage of fluid. Trocar's are still used to this day, but have been heavily refined over time. It was used heavily in early procedures to treat hydrocephalus. Unfortunately the method in which it was used was incorrect and led to many fatalities. I believe the trocar Is important in terms of hydrocephalus because it  shows that while it was the main and most important tool used in the procedure, the procedure itself was flawed thus emphasizing just how important proper procedure steps are in treating patients. 

Sources 
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-015-2652-3 

https://www.britannica.com/list/7-scary-surgical-instruments ]]> 2021-01-24 00:02:59 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117640380 Perfecting the procedure yburnermail https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117645295 This is a portrait of  Claude-Nicolas Le Cat. He was credited with creating a safer procedure to treat hydrocephalous. Le cat established his own school for medicine in 1736, which was the same time he began working on his "Traité des sens" which was a collection of some of his work. Le Cat had many reasons for why he should be our guide for hydrocephalous. First and foremost was that he had all the knowledge of hydrocephalus that was available to those before him, such as Al-Zahrawi and Vesalius. Furthermore, he had seen a great deal of patients that suffered from hydrocephalus, so he had real time interactions with them. He also was a well respected surgeon thus making him an excelent candidate for trying a new approach to older hydrocephalus treatments. This leads to the most important reason why he is our docent. He was able to come up with a new procedure for hydrocephalus that had a lower fatality rate than the procedure used before. This not only further advanced our knowledge of hydrocephalus but also saved the lives of numerous people. For these reasons Le Cat will serve as our docent for this journey.  

Sources
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/le-cat-claude-nicolas 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-015-2652-3 

https://www.myartprints.co.uk/a/dupont-n/portrait-of-claude-nicola.html ]]> 2021-01-24 00:09:13 UTC https://padlet.com/yburnermail/gjz45rxsl9q8042m/wish/1117645295