https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu en-us 2023-02-08 15:52:23 UTC 2023-03-03 02:48:42 UTC hello@padlet.com naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696175 Throughout their journeys around the world, Jewish people brought and incorporated new cultures into their rich, historical traditions. These elements of other cultures are especially present in the Ashkenazic and Sephardic practices, though they are also present in other branches. Changes in cuisine are often reflections of economic and social status and are influenced by Kashrut, kosher practices. Many recipes were passed down through word of mouth from mother to daughter, especially during the horrors of the Holocaust, which allowed the recipes themselves to survive. 

Pictured above is a cookbook of traditional recipes which Edith Gluck gathered and preserved from during her time in the Lippstadt concentration camp. 

Source: F]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:01 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696175 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696280 Note: Not all people pictured are Hasidic

Traditional Eastern European Jewish garb consisted of more modest attire, with the men wearing hats or caps, and the women covering their hair with wigs or kerchiefs. However, as time passed, the younger generations of Jewish people in larger towns adopted modern ways and dress. 

Western European Jews tended to adopt the culture of their non-Jewish neighbors, dressing like their countrymen and having less religious devotion. 

A few religiously significant items of clothing include the kippah, worn by Orthodox Jewish men and boys, the tallit, a shawl worn for morning prayer, and the kittels, worn by some men for occasions of great significance. 

Source: A]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:05 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696280 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696358  Sighet is located in Hungary and surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains, creating a form of isolation and allowing them to progress into the modern age more slowly. Its name is also translated to "island" in Hungarian due to its location between the Tis and Iza Rivers.

Starting in the 18th century, there was a significant Jewish population in the shtetl of Sighet. It had reached a population of approximately 10,500 Jewish people at the beginning of World War 2, around 37% of its total population. Most of its community was of Chassidic descent, though in the 1930s, Jews in Sighet practiced religious Orthodoxy, Hasidim, and Zionism. In the book Night, Elie Wiesel practiced Hasidim, which was also the main sect in Sighet at that time. 

Source: G, S]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:08 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696358 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696545  Cultural practices varied between Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe, and drew from hundreds of years of history. The history of individual Jewish communities consisted of cultural fusions and integration from occupations, religious practices, and political standings. 

Eastern European Jews, including the people living in Hungary, spoke Yiddish. Yiddish is a culturally Jewish language with combined elements of German and Hebrew. They lived in shtetls, predominantly Jewish towns or villages, and practiced separate lifestyles than the majority. 

In 1933, 9.5 million Jewish people lived in Europe, which was 1.7% of the total European population and 60% of the world's estimated Jewish population. Hungary, the home country of Elie Wiesel in the book Night, had 5.1% of the Jewish population of the world, with an estimated number of 445,000 people throughout its lands. 

Source: A, B, C]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:16 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696545 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696552 Jewish educational traditions, including mandatory school attendance and generational teaching, have been recorded dating back to 64 B.C.E. Up until the late 18th century, Jewish people educated their children in their own institutions in Yiddish, when the Edict of Tolerance was issued by Emperor Joseph II of Austria in 1782. The Edict of Tolerance permitted Jewish children to enroll in governmental schools, as well as the establishment of secular schools.

Yeshivas, which many Hasidic Jews still attend today, are schools devoted to teaching about Judaism. A typical schedule consisted of almost continuous study of the Talmud, ethics, and other aspects of Jewish law from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Dispersed among this time were also meals and prayers in the morning and night. 

Source: E, I, L]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:16 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696552 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696681 In Sighet, the main industries during the late 19th century were lumber and salt due to its proximity to sawmills and salt mines, as well as crafts and trade. It also had a railroad connection between Sighetul Poland and Bukovina in 1872, which made it a bustling center of trade. Sighet's economy also supported vast urban development. 

During the late 19th century, Jewish people could be found as tradesmen, factory workers, farmers, lawyers, doctors, or teachers, among many other professions. Jewish people were also prevalent in the arts, being artists and musicians. A vast variety of economic statuses was also prevalent, with a range of wealthy to poor saturating the community. 

Source: G, R, J, K]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:21 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473696681 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473697735 A synagogue is a Jewish place of worship and study, as well as a "town hall" for the members of the Jewish community. They possess several important ritual items, including the Torah and the Ark, or the holy cabinet. While names differ across different branches of Judaism, the term "synagogue" is used by conservative Jews  while the Yiddish name "shul" is used by Orthodox and Chasidic Jews. They are traditionally funded and run by the community which it serves.

Source: Q]]> 2023-02-08 16:13:53 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2473697735 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2476561205 Traditionally, Jewish men are placed by God as the head of their household and tasked with ensuring themselves and their families lead devout lives. They were supposed to spend most of their time studying the Torah, as well as other religious texts, as a scholar. Furthermore, a Jewish wife is supposed to work to support her husband in his life of scholarship, though this was generally only possible in the upper classes. 

In families, Jewish fathers made the decisions and controlled the family, while Jewish mothers were responsible for a variety of tasks. These tasks included chores, emotional support, and obtaining money and food. Jewish boys were regarded as scholars and taught the sacred texts of Judaism by their fathers, a tutor, or a communal school. Girls were taught how to be good wives and mothers and generally did not attend school.  


Source: H, U]]> 2023-02-10 15:19:39 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2476561205 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2476582668 Pictured above is the damaged Malbish Arimim synagogue on Teglash Street in Sighet, taken in May 1944. This, along with other Synagogues in Sighet, were main places of Jewish worship but were damaged and desecrated during the Holocaust. 

Source: T]]> 2023-02-10 15:35:17 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2476582668 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2476582672 Bibliography Link for Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ej4GfOvpmprMDUKDuouExboCa2wo9oy95XZ8o27VjL0/edit

For connections between source letters and links, see above.

]]> 2023-02-10 15:35:17 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2476582672 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2485147214 The Old Synagogue in Essen was formerly a Byzantine style Synagogue and was consecrated as the Neue Synagogue in 1913. The rising number of Jewish families moving to Essen in the 19th century prompted the refurbishment of the synagogue. Rabbi Salomon Samuel focused especially on the symbols contained in the mosaics and stained glass so that they would reflect Jewish traditions. This synagogue remained a prevalent point of the Jewish community in Essen, and in 1933 possessed around 4,500 members. During Kristallnacht, in November of 1938, the Old Synagogue was set on fire, destroying the majority of the interior.

Source: O ]]> 2023-02-16 15:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2485147214 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2490085375 Note: This Menorah is not a Hanukkiah so it is not used during Hanukkah.

Items of cultural significance in Judaism remained fairly constant across Europe. These items included goblets, from which wine was shared at Shabbat and other festivities, Shabbat candlesticks, Menorahs, and Mezuzahs. 

Menorahs (pictured above) are traditionally used at the festival of Chanukah, while the Mezuzah is placed on the right-hand doorposts of homes and contains handwritten texts from the Torah.

Source: D, B]]> 2023-02-21 18:02:45 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2490085375 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2490122105 Today, Hasidic Jews still follow many of the same customs as during the pre-war period. They are extremely devout and try to follow all 613 commandments (except the ones related to sacrifice which can't be performed because the temple was destroyed). They pray 3 times a day and study at Yeshiva during their high school years. When praying, men and women are separate, with the men on the main floor with women looking down from the balcony. They wear a kippah, a jewish hat, and a black hat on top due to their traditions of dressing formally and modestly. Not all Hasidic groups wear black hats, some wear other types of hats like fur hats. One commandment is to cover the "corners" of your face, so Hasidic men typically do not cut their beards/ other facial hair.

Source: P]]> 2023-02-21 18:33:40 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2490122105 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2491342703 Klezmer music is a genre of music derived from eastern European music in a Jewish fashion. It had its origins among the Ashkenazi Jews and derived its name from the words instrument (kley) and song (zemer) Traditionally, a klezmer was a professional musician who played in a band hired for special occasions, such as weddings or holidays. A young boy generally studied under his father, though they could be apprenticed to others as well. Klezmorim played two types of pieces to accompany ritualized events, such as the doina for listening and reflection and the freylekhs for dancing. Khosidl, another type of dance, was a slower freylekhs associated with Hasidic culture. 

Source: M, N]]> 2023-02-22 15:43:41 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2491342703 cgabriel10 https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2495040899 Pictured above are the leaders of the Jewish community, including Mr. Hershkovich, Mr. Klein, Mr. Yakobovich, and Mr. Jahan, who were all influential men at that time. These men probably weren't religious leaders, and instead were business and financial leaders of their communities. Leaders of Hasidic communities, like in Sighet, were often religious leaders like rabbis.

Source: T]]> 2023-02-26 01:55:58 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2495040899 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2495569561 Here is a picture of young Elie Wiesel. Like other Hasidic Jewish boys of the time, he attended Yeshiva and learned about religious subjects such as Torah and Talmud. He wished to learn about Kabbalah, Jewish Mysticism, much to the dismay of his father. These aspects of Jewish culture relate to Elie Wiesel because he grew up in a town similar to the typical European Hasidic town.]]> 2023-02-26 23:15:40 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2495569561 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497287785 2023-02-28 02:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497287785 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497288445 2023-02-28 02:18:03 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497288445 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497291585 2023-02-28 02:22:10 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497291585 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497294763 2023-02-28 02:25:21 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497294763 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497295644 2023-02-28 02:26:34 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497295644 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497297956 2023-02-28 02:29:38 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497297956 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497299531 2023-02-28 02:31:52 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497299531 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497300133 2023-02-28 02:32:32 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2497300133 naltschuler https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2501960444 2023-03-03 01:36:25 UTC https://padlet.com/naltschuler/gjijyuux71f0wvmu/wish/2501960444