Revision: Chronic Diseases Concept Maps by Maria Mares https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7 Discuss the risk factors (modifiable and non-modifiable), pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment (pharmacology, including the mechanism of action & non-pharmacology) and nursing priorities en-us 2021-07-19 00:40:26 UTC 2025-11-21 09:10:53 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825480547 Causes:
coronary artery disease
arrhythmias

Clinical Manifestations:
Dyspnoea
Tachycardia
Crackles/Crepitations on auscultation of lungs
Third Heart Sound
Pitting Oedema


]]> 2021-10-18 23:15:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825480547 Clinical manifestations https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825481079
  • Fever or chills.
  • Persistent fatigue, weakness.
  • Frequent or severe infections.
  • Losing weight without trying.
  • Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen.
  • Easy bleeding or bruising.
  • Recurrent nosebleeds.
  • Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)

    • ]]>     2021-10-18 23:15:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825481079     risk factors https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825481179 leukaemia risk factors
     (no known exact cause)

    - genetic redisposition
    - down syndrome
    -Exposure to petrochemicals, such as benzene
    -Extensive exposure to artificial ionizing radiation
    -Alkylating chemotherapy agents administered to treat other types of cancer
    -Tobacco use
    -Use of certain hair dyes





    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:16:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825481179     Treatment options for leukaemia https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825482296 How do you diagnose leukemia?

    • Physical exam. Your doctor will look for physical signs of leukemia, such as pale skin from anemia, swelling of your lymph nodes, and enlargement of your liver and spleen.
    • Blood tests. By looking at a sample of your blood, your doctor can determine if you have abnormal levels of red or white blood cells or platelets — which may suggest leukemia.
    • Bone marrow test. Your doctor may recommend a procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow from your hipbone. The bone marrow is removed using a long, thin needle. The sample is sent to a laboratory to look for leukemia cells.

    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825482296     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825482297 Diagnosis:
    Chest X-Ray
    Echocardiogram
    12 lead ECG]]>     2021-10-18 23:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825482297     Treatment options leukaemia https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825483855 Treatment options are different depending on what type of leukemia you have.

    - For acute lymphocytic leukemia the main treatment used is chemotherapy. Some patients have high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation.

    -
    •  Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to damage leukemia cells and stop their growth. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a large machine moves around you, directing the radiation to precise points on your body. The patient may receive radiation in one specific area of your body where there is a collection of leukemia cells. Or in the case of leukemia cells all over the body the patient may receive radiation over your whole body. Radiation therapy may be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
    • Bone marrow transplant/stem cell transplant A bone marrow transplant, also called a stem cell transplant, helps reestablish healthy stem cells by replacing unhealthy bone marrow with leukemia-free stem cells that will regenerate healthy bone marrow. Before bone marrow transplant the patient will have high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the bone marrow that produces the leukemia. Then you receive an infusion of blood-forming stem cells that help rebuild your bone marrow. You may receive stem cells from a donor or you may be able to use your own stem cells.
    • Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process.



    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825483855     Risk factors : https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825484018 Modifiable : 
    Hypertension 
    Alcohol 
    Cigarettes smoking 
    Obesity 
    Physical inactivity 
    Diabetes mellitus 

    Non-modifiable:
    Age 
    Sex 
    Race 
    Family history 
    Cardiac disease 


    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:18:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825484018     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825484646 Risk Factors:
    Smoking
    Obesity
    Diabetes
    Infection]]>     2021-10-18 23:18:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825484646     Nursing priorities Leukaemia https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825485197 - The care plan for patients with leukemia should be emphasized on comfort, minimize the adverse effects of chemotherapy, promote preservation of veins, manage complications, and provide teaching and psychological support.]]> 2021-10-18 23:19:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825485197 Mechanism of action for leukaemia fighting drugs https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825486098 Drugs used to treat leukemia 

    Medicines used for targeted therapy of ALL and CML include imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and ponatinib. These belong to a class of medicines called tyrosine kinase inhibitors and attack a protein (BCR-ABL) that is made by leukaemia cells in ALL and CML. 

    All of these drugs belong to a class of medications called kinase inhibitors. They work by blocking the action of the abnormal protein that signals cancer cells to multiply. This helps stop the spread of cancer cells. 
    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:20:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825486098     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825486390 Pathogenesis: 
    Interruption of blood flow to cerebral tissue from a thrombus or embolus initiates an ischemic cesade, ]]>     2021-10-18 23:20:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825486390     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825486642 Nursing Interventions:
    Oxygen therapy
    High Fowlers Position
    Cardiac monitoring]]>     2021-10-18 23:20:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825486642     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825487875 Risk factors 
    modifiable: obesity, stress, smoking, high cholesterol, excessive alcohol/salt intake...
    non-modifiable: age, gender, family history, race

    Pathogenesis: 
    Risk factors acts on blood pressure e.g: activate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system->narrow blood vessel->high blood pressure

    clinical manifestation: headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness

    Treatment: non-pharmacological: Diet and medication education 
    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:21:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825487875     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825489344 Clinical manifestation : 
    Sensory loss
    Dysphasia 
    Loss of central vision 
    Altered consciousness 
    Cognitive and affective disorder ]]>     2021-10-18 23:22:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825489344     Non modifiable and modifiable risk factors of leukaemia https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825494432 Non modifiable risk factors include race, age, diabetes and genetic make up. 
    Modifiable risk factors elevated blood pressure and blood glucose, proteinuria, anaemia, metabolic disturbances, and dyslipidaemia.]]>     2021-10-18 23:26:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825494432     https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825497971 Prevention:
    Pharmacology: antihypertensives, BGL control
    Non-pharmacology: diet, excessive, weight reduction, smoking cessation

    Treatment: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE)
    Beta-blockers: reduce HR, reduce cardiac output
    Vasodilators: decrease afterload
    Diuretics: decreased preload. Improves fluid overload]]>     2021-10-18 23:29:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825497971     Pathogenesis of renal failure https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825501679 Renal failure is characterised by a decline in kidney function that eventually leads to irreversible kidney damage. 


    ]]>     2021-10-18 23:32:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mmares4/giby3lhz8yfovpj7/wish/1825501679