Behavioural: Choosing to smoke tobacco acts as a risk factor for developing lung and mouth cancer.

Physical environment: Tradesmen that are working outdoors are at higher risks of getting skin cancer due to high UV exposure.

Social determinants: People who have had lower education are more likely to smoke tobacco, putting them at higher risk of getting lung cancer.

GOVERNMENT

A government strategy such as the SunSmart organisation have the slip, slop, slap, seek and slide slogan to promote the use of sunscreen and wearing UV protective clothes when outside. This may positively effect physical health because it provides protection from UV exposure which will prevent skin cancer.

Having skin cancer may negatively affect your social development because if you friends like outdoor activities you are less likely to go on these social trips. Not spending time with peers will lower your communication skills. 

 COMMUNITY

A community strategy such as Swimming pools providing sunscreen positively effects physical health because it increases the chance of you putting it on which lowers the chance of you getting skin cancer.

Having skin cancer may negatively affect your social development because if your friends like swimming for fun or competition your less likely to join meaning you will be spending less time with them which will lower your communication skills.

 PERSONAL

A Personal strategy such as applying sun screen, wearing hats and sunglasses positively affects your physical health because it lowers the chances of melanomas developing.

A personal strategy such as applying sun screen positively affects your social development because if your friends like recreational outside activities you're more likely to participate knowing your safe from the sun preventing skin cancer. If you are spending time with peers you will be improving your communication skills.

 

Behavioural: Tobacco smoke acts a risk factor for cancer as tobacco contains thousands of chemicals and many have been shown to cause cancer. Tobacco smoking can contribute to cancer in most parts of the body such as lung and mouth. 

 

Physical Environment: Workplace safety can act as a risk factor for cancer as individuals who spend a long time outdoors as a part of their job may have increased exposure to UV radiation and have an increased risk of skin cancer. Hazardous substances in the workplace can also increase the risk of cancers such as lung cancers. 

 

Social Determinant: Low income can act as a risk factor for the onset of cancers as families may not be able to afford nutritious food and may rely on processed foods, that are high in fat. This can increase body weight and the risk of developing breast and colorectal cancer.  

 Personal Strategies: 

Personal strategies such as making sure you apply sunscreen when outside to keep you safe against UV exposure, this promotes the health and development of adults as it is limiting the risk of developing skin cancer. 

Government:
A government organisation such as Sun Smart gives slip slop slap seek and slide that helps to promote the health and development of an adult. It gives information on ways to protect yourself from UV radiation when outside in the sun, and helps limit the risk of skin cancer. 

Community: 
A community strategy for cancer is providing shade and sunscreen within the community at places such as swimming pools, sporting grounds and events, and also at the beach. Having this within the community positively affects an adults health and development as the community is offering protection for adults against UV radiation, that may lead to skin cancer.

Cancer is a disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.  Millions of new cells are produced every second and replace those that have died or don’t function properly.  This ensures that all organs function normally, abnormal cells usually get destroyed by the immune system but in some cases the immune system fails to kill abnormal cells and they become a tumour, which if left untreated can allow cancerous cells to invade nearby tissue and prevent normal cells from functioning properly. 

Biological/genetic predisposition:
 Some people are more likely to develop cancer.  This is because their genetic predisposition has influenced certain cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. 

Behavioural/tobacco smoking:
 Tobacco smoke contains thousands of hazardous chemicals that have been known to cause cancer.  This can contribute to cancers such as, lung, mouth and oesophagus. 

Physical environment/ access to healthcare: 
 Access to healthcare does not prevent cancer, however the rate of successfully treating cancer is higher if detected early. 

Social determinants:
 Education and income have an indirect connection to cancer. Lower levels of education relate to tobacco use, the importance of maintaining healthy body weight, consuming fruit and vegetables have a positive effect on not developing some cancers. 

Strategies 

Government:
 A government strategy for cancer is the sun smart’s slip slop slap seek and slide campaign that promotes the use of sunscreen and being generally smart in the sun.  This positively affects an individual’s health and development because restricting exposure to UV which can cause skin cancer. 

Community:
 A community strategy for cancer is providing the community with shade and sunscreen in places like outdoor swimming pools, sporting grounds and the beach.  This positively affects an individual’s health and development because the community is offering protection against harmful UV that can cause skin cancer. 

Personal:
 A personal strategy for cancer is making sure that you put on sunscreen and protect yourself against UV exposure this promotes the health and human development of adults in that it limits their chances of developing skin cancer. 

Obesity relates to having excess body weight in the form of fat that can be harmful to health. In adults, obesity is measured using waist circumference or the body mass index. A waist circumference of over 89cm for females and 102cm for males is classified as obese and increases the risk of health concerns like cardiovascular disease.

 Determinants 

Biological:

Age can act as a risk factor for obesity. As metabolism slows down with age, it can become more difficult to maintain weight and  can be harmful to the physical health of adults as they lose the ability to participate in physical activities.

Behavioural:

Poor dietary choices can act as a risk factor for obesity. If an adult is not consuming the right amount of nutrients they may not have the required energy levels to participate in physical activity which may lead to obesity.

Social:

Education can act as a protective factor into obesity. Learning the benefits and the correct nutritional value of food can positively lead into living a healthier lifestyle and aid in the prevention of obesity.

 

Physical environment:

Access to recreation facilities can act as a risk factor for obesity. If adults do not have the access to facilities that provide things like cycling and walking spots they may not have opportunities for maintain a healthy lifestyle. This can increase the risk of obesity.

 

Personal Strategies: 

·        Limiting unhealthy foods and beverages like soft drink and fattening foods.

·        Increasing physical activity   

·        Improving sleep and reducing stress

 

Government:

The Australian Dietary Guidelines are to assist adults in consuming a healthy diet and reduce the risk of the burden of disease associated with cardiovascular disease, obesity, some cancer and type 2 diabetes.

They include information relating to food choices and serve numbers that should be consumed daily that aid in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle free from obesity. An example of a guideline is “to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs. 

 

 

Community:

The heart foundation tick is a community strategy that aims to reduce the number and prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Food companies apply the tick logo on their food products if they can show that their item is a heathier alternative than other similar items making it easier for people to choose healthier options. This can lead to adults being able to improve their physical health as they are able to maintain a healthy body weight and make adults be able to consume a balanced food intake.

Mental illness is the name given to conditions affecting how a person perceives  the world around them. These include depression and anxiety disorders such as general anxiety, OCD, PTSD, phobias, and panic disorders. These can all seriously impact on the health and development of all individuals, but especially adults, as 13% of all adults in Australia have a mental illness.

Biological- There is a proven correlation between body weight and mental illness. Being over or underweight can negatively affect an individual’s self- concept, and cause depression or anxiety because the individual dislikes how they look. So body weight can be a risk factor for mental illness.

Behavioural- Physical activity acts as a protective factor against mental illness because of the positive effect it has on individual’s self concept and self esteem. Physical activity releases endorphins into the body which create feelings of achievement and release stress. This can mean that people who exercise will feel better about themselves and have a decreased risk of developing mental illnesses.

Physical Environment- Living in an unsafe neighbourhood can promote feelings of anxiety, which can lead to general anxiety disorder or phobias. Because individuals don’t feel safe in their own neighbourhood or house, they can begin to irrationally fear for their safety and their possessions. Therefore neighbourhood safety can be a risk factor for mental illness.

Social- Being abused or neglected as a child can cause a whole host of mental illnesses. Because of a child’s experiences with violent or emotionally abusive or neglective parents can cause depression from a young age, as well as a phobia of males or parental figures for example, or the development of PTSD or obsessive compulsive disorder (stemming from the strict adherence to behaviour patterns that the child had learnt to follow in order to avoid abuse).

Government- BeyondBlue is a nationwide program that provides support and counselling for those living with mental illness. Their aim is to raise awareness of the effects of mental illness and provide people who are trained to help individuals and their families. 

Community: South West Healthcare is a healthcare operative that works within the south west of Victoria, and has a mental health campus in Hamilton. Their aim is to provide high quality health and wellbeing services for the people in their local area, and help people struggling with mental illness.

Personal: A personal strategy that individuals can use to promote their mental health and development, is to use a goal setting system to increase self- esteem. By setting a goal to get at least one thing done a day, then you can improve the control you have over your life, decreasing anxiety and promoting healthy behaviours rather than procrastination. The aim is to have no ‘zero days’ where you achieve nothing productive. Even if it is just writing a sentence of an essay, it is still more than no sentences.

Obesity relates to having excess body weight in the form of fat that can be harmful to health. In adults, obesity is measured using waist circumference or the body mass index. A waist circumference of over 89cm for females and 102cm for males is classified as obese and increases the risk of health concerns like cardiovascular disease.

 Determinants 

Biological:

Age can act as a risk factor for obesity. As metabolism slows down with age, it can become more difficult to maintain weight and  can be harmful to the physical health of adults as they lose the ability to participate in physical activities.

Behavioural:

Poor dietary choices can act as a risk factor for obesity. If an adult is not consuming the right amount of nutrients they may not have the required energy levels to participate in physical activity which may lead to obesity.

Social:

Education can act as a protective factor into obesity. Learning the benefits and the correct nutritional value of food can positively lead into living a healthier lifestyle and aid in the prevention of obesity.

 

Physical environment:

Access to recreation facilities can act as a risk factor for obesity. If adults do not have the access to facilities that provide things like cycling and walking spots they may not have opportunities for maintain a healthy lifestyle. This can increase the risk of obesity.

 

Personal Strategies: 

·        Limiting unhealthy foods and beverages like soft drink and fattening foods.

·        Increasing physical activity   

·        Improving sleep and reducing stress

 

Government:

The Australian Dietary Guidelines are to assist adults in consuming a healthy diet and reduce the risk of the burden of disease associated with cardiovascular disease, obesity, some cancer and type 2 diabetes.

They include information relating to food choices and serve numbers that should be consumed daily that aid in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle free from obesity. An example of a guideline is “to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs. 

 

 

Community:

The heart foundation tick is a community strategy that aims to reduce the number and prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Food companies apply the tick logo on their food products if they can show that their item is a heathier alternative than other similar items making it easier for people to choose healthier options. This can lead to adults being able to improve their physical health as they are able to maintain a healthy body weight and make adults be able to consume a balanced food intake.