ca. 3500 BC

ceramic

ca. 2700–2500 BCE
Apotropaic device

-dedicated to the God Abu

-a stand to coninutally offer prays to a god

-eyes are inlaid shells

-less formal more timeless

ca. 1478–1458 BCE

-women pharaoh

-built as worship/appreciation plce for her

-her son scratched her face out because he was embarrased of his mother being pharaoh

c. 100-50 BCE

Bronze Statue

ca. 480-450 BCE

Origins Rome, Italy.

3rd century CE

Origins Mount Sinai, Egypt.

Late 6th century CE

*The icon shows the Virgin and Child flanked by two soldier saints, Saint Theodore to the left and Saint George at the right. Above these are two angels who gaze upward to the hand of God, from which light emanates, falling on the Virgin

*The painter selectively used the classicizing style inherited from Rome

*we find spatial recession, first in the throne of the Virgin where we glimpse part of the right side and a shadow cast by the throne; we also see a receding armrest as well as a projecting footrest

*The composition displays a spatial ambiguity that places the scene in a world that operates differently from our world, reminiscent of the spatial ambiguity of the earlier Ivory panel with Archangel. The ambiguity allows the scene to partake of the viewer’s world but also separates the scene from the normal world.

*New in our icon is what we might call a “hierarchy of bodies.” Theodore and George stand erect, feet on the ground, and gaze directly at the viewer with large, passive eyes

*appear to receive something from us

*This supremely composed picture gives us an unmistakable sense of visual movement inward and upward, from the saints to the Virgin and from the Virgin upward past the angels to the hand of God

Origins Iraq

848-852 CE
During the Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 CE)

Origins the Oseberg burial ship.

ca. 834 CE

Viking Art

Origins Autun, France.

ca. 1120–35 CE
“Romanesque imagination heated by a fearful faith”

*The church of Ste. Pierre was on one of the pilgrimage roads through France that led to Santiago de Compostela, in Spain.

*The damned in hell

*one of the first momumnetal sculptures during this time

* built to hold the relics of saint lazzarus

*about hope after death

*the images were text because people couldn't read

*stares out past us as if he is on a different plane

*hands break the madelora

*angles holding the madelora

*on the right are the rightoues and left are the people condemned

*the weighing of souls

*"many this terror teriffy those who earthly error binds"

*and don't look to chirst it is too late he is looking past us

*the lintles are the people waiting for their turn to be judged

On the choir screen, Naumburg cathedral.

ca. 1255 CE

St. Francis of Assisi

1235

1467–71

gold, vermeil and enamel

first written language made of wedge shaped figures

MUD BRICKS

Fundemental building blocks for structures

CYLINDER SEAL

stone engravement to make imprints rolled on wet clay

HERALDIC POSE

symbols on something to mean more

REGISTERS

Like a convery belt of art; a side view of all the art like a comic strip

COMPOSITE VIEW

view of the person are from different angles; head facing forward and body facing forward

HIERATIC SCALE/HIERARCHICAL SCALE

the size of the piece of art reflects its status and importance

ZIGGURAT

Giant step pyramids; sloped on sides and flat on top

STELE

large upright stone or wooden slab usually used as monuments

LAMASSU

large winged statues used as gate entrances; seen as gaurdians

ORTHOSTAT

winged human headed lion

COLUMN

used for structural integrety

CAPITAL

decor on the top of a column

-dedicated to the sky god Anu

-top of the ziggurat was coated with bitumen/tar

-dazzling brightness in strong sunlight

-ritual objects found buried within

-presents the violence and grandeur of Sumerian kingship

-military yes and agriculture yes

in the Royal Cemetery of Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq.

ca. 2600 BCE

-suggests supporting something maybe a bowl

-most is covered in gold

-life-sized bronze head shows in sharp geometric clarity, locks of hair, curled lips, and a wrinkled brow

-more awesome than the powerful and somber face of this ruler is the violent attack that mutilated it in antiquity.

-some say its Sargon

-vicotory over the Lullubi people/mountain people

-left side centered and in order

-right side is chaos

-Narasin assosicated with the gods/is the focal point

-symbolic image of the battle

-suns and stars have helped guide him to victory

-he is rising to the same status as the gods

ca. 2100 BCE

-or the moon goddess Nanna

-blue glazed bricks at the top

-suddan ussien tried to park next to it so people wouldn't bond them

-cut into 3 parts of code

-he is facing the god of shamash the sun god and god of justice

-light on the side like a halo

-showing is authority comes from the gods

-an eye for an eye law

-the end comes and speaks of the impotance of the king and his prosperity

-advanced societies

-head of human, body of bull, and wings

-the often had 5 legs to depict different ways of seeing the lamassu

-seen as protecters of the entraces

-seen as welcoming at the same time

from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh.
ca. 645 BCE

-would be fully colored

-lined the walls of the palace

-depictions of the king and his dominace over nature

-often of hunts and battles

from Babylon, Iraq.

ca. 600 BCE

-8 double gates that held the city of bablyon

-was coinsidered a wonder of the world back then

-nebuchadnezzars doing

-lined w/ lions that speak to pride and power also represents the god of Ishtar; goddess of war wisdom and sexuality

-lion to make you afraid of the king

-bull and dragon with body parts of all animals

-dragons with MArduk the patron of the city

-bull with the god adad; storms fertiliy of the land and harvest

-protect and provide

-the place id bright and is on the edge of the desert

-fiance; use of copper to make the blue on the outside

-asked for people to reconstruct the place; he knew things would fall apart

from Susa.

ca. 4000 BCE

from Persepolis.

ca. 500 BCE

-0ne of 36

-hypostyle halls

-what they would see when visiting the king

-be another capital under this one

-supported a very high wooden roof

-carved from stone

-everything was meant to impress

ca. 490 BCE

-serves to reinforce and underscore the power of the Persian king and the breadth of his dominion

-motif of subjugated peoples contributing their wealth to the empire’s central authority serves to visually cement this political dominance

to mean more than what is depicted

COMPOSITE VIEW

view of body from multiply different angles

HIERATIC SCALE

making people of importance larger in scale

PALETTE

a large stone or wooden surface to hold paints

REGISTERS

horizontal bands or row that organize a scene

MASTABA

rectangular mud brick with flat roof and sloping sides

NECOROPOLIS

a large burial ground or "city of the dead" outside the main city

CAPITALS

a decorative top to a column

STEP PYRAMID

1st monumental stone structure; burial of king Djoser at Saqqara; 6 tiered structure

CANON

a standardized method of measurements used to depict human figures

KA

life force that will stay in your tomb after you have passed

CLOISONNE

decor tech were wires are used to create compartments then filled with colored enamel

CARTOUCHE

oval frame that has royal or divine names written in hieroglyphics on them

HYPOSTYLE HALL

a roof supported by a row of columns

SUNKEN RELIEF

the relief never rises above the surface; image carved below the surface

ALATAR STELE

stone slab designed to function as an altar

BOOK OF THE DEAD

text to guide the dead through the afterlife

from Hierakonpolis.

ca. 3150–3125 BCE

-Never premitted to leave the country its so valuable

-made of smooth greyish-green siltstone

-Discovered among a group of sacred implements ritually buried in a deposit within an early temple of the falcon god Horus at the site of Hierakonpolis

-its original function as a ritual item dedicated to a god

-used for grinding and mixing minerals for cosmetics

-the fact that Narmer sports the crown connected to Upper Egypt on one face of the palette and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other

-depictions of battles

-the balance of light and dark

-red crown of lower kingdom, white of upper

-It was about political unification

from Hierakonpolis.

ca. 3150–3125 BCE

Step pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara.

ca. 2681–2662 BCE

-derived from a mastaba then turned into step pyramid

ca. 2533–2515 BCE,

Khafra,

ca. 2570–2544 BCE

Khufu

ca. 2601–2528 BCE

Giza

-one of the seven wonders of the world

-Each pyramid was part of a royal mortuary complex that also included a temple at its base

-smaller ones for the queens that acted as satllietis

-shape of the pyramid was a solar reference, perhaps intended as a solidified version of the rays of the sun

-The pyramid was viewed as a place of regeneration for the deceased ruler

Khufu

-inner, rough-hewn, locally quarried core stones (which is all that we see today) and angled, outer casing blocks laid in even horizontal courses with spaces filled with gypsum plaster

-Above the King’s Chamber are five stress-relieving chambers of massive granite blocks topped with immense cantilevered slabs forming a pent roof to distribute the weight of the mountain of masonry above it. The king’s sarcophagus, also carved from red granite, sits empty at the exact central axis of the pyramid. This burial chamber was sealed with a series of massive granite blocks and the entrance to the shaft filled with limestone in an effort to obscure the opening.

-boats to afterlife

Menkaure

-the smallest of the three

from Giza.

ca. 2500 BCE

Ca. 2515 BCE.

Slate

-Smooth as silk, the meticulously finished surface of the dark stone captures the physical ideals of the time and creates a sense of eternity and immortality even today

-rather than one of Mekaure’s wives, this is actually his queen-mother

from Saqqara.

ca. 2400 BCE

-its painted

-its limestone, but the nipples are wooden

-eyes are really life like and made of crystal and a natural material that glues it to the head

-indent for the pupil

-cause a sense of awarness and intellegnce

-holding a peice of papyrus

-don't know the find spot, but meant for a tomb

-hihly regarded in egyptian culuture

Wall painting in tomb of Khnum-hotep,

Beni Hasan,

ca. 1928-1895 BCE

19th Dynasty.

ca. 1279–1213 BCE

-he sits above and is more importnat

-temple dedicated to gods

-the temple's alignment is meticulously designed so that on two specific days of the year (February 22nd and October 22nd)

ca. 1355 BCE

-a change it the art style because of the religous change to only worship one god of the sun

-makes him and his wife as the only ones open to the god

-an alter in someones home

-very informal

-most almost all think it is simply a style thing but it has made some question whether he was sick

-god is present w/cobra in sun

-breath of life at their nose

ca. 1348–1336/35 BCE

-trianglular

-not intende for a tomb

-a model for other because, it's incomplete, one eye is not layed in

-thutmose made her

-limestone covered in plaster

-very smetrical

-believed she shared power with the pharo

18th Dynasty

-compelety made of gold and copper

-iconic depuiction of gods connection to him

from The Book of the Dead of Hunefer.

1285 BCE

-watching a man get put to judgement

ca. 750 BCE

-used outside cemetaries

-like a vat they would use to hold wine but bigger

-they existed in registers

What was the original function of this large vase in ancient Greece?

it was a grave marker in a cemetery.

What is slip?

fine clay mixed with water used to decorate pottery

What indicates that this is a funerary scene?

the figures are pulling at their hair

the central figure lying down

What do you see in this detail that demonstrates the object was made during the LATE Geometric Period of Greek art?

the repeated animal forms in the decoration

ca. 2500 BCE

found in tombs

mostly women

Latter part of the 3rd millennium BCE

painting tech used on walls; on damp lime plaster; painted at eye height

MEGARON

rectangular hall with central hearth; four columns, open porch, central hearth and throne

RHYTON

container for liquid or poured ceremonial; ceramic vessel

CYCLOPEAN MASONRY

type of stone work; massive limestone roughly put together minimal clearence between

CASEMATE

fortified walls; halls to hold weapons

CORBEL ARCH

arc of corbel stones as an enterance; overlapping stones

CORBEL VAULT

stones stacked horozonitall

CORBEL DOME

stacking in an offset manner

from Knossos, Crete.

ca. 1700–1300 BCE

from Akrotiri, Thera.

ca. 1600–1500 BCE

from Palaikastro, Crete.

ca. 1500 BCE

Knossos, Crete.

ca. 1550–1450 BCE

Mycenae, Greece.

ca. 1250 BCE

Which is NOT a bronze Age Aegean culture?

Cyclopean

The triangular space of the Lion Gate is formed by the corbelling of the...

wall and is supported by the post and lintel construction of the doorway

Which detail of the Lion Gate may reflect the influence of Minoan culture?

the central column

What mythological creature inspired the name describing the large stone masonry used by the Mycenaens?

cyclops

Mycenae, Greece.

ca. 1300–1250 BCE

ca. 1600–1500 BCE

The Mask of Agamemnon is one of many Mycenaean objects which were made of

Gold

It was found in

a tomb

Agamemnon was ______ .

a legendary king in Greek mythology.

Which technique was used to produce the Mask of Agamemnon?

hammering

What leads some scholars to question the authenticity of the Mask of Agamemnon?

The facial features appear heavily restored and differ from similar masks found at the site.

Which statements are TRUE of Mycenaean culture?

Many scholars believe Mycenae was more militaristic than other Aegean cultures of the period.

Objects found at burial sites are a primary source of information about this ancient culture.
Mycenaean culture possessed advanced metalworking techniques

an ancient Greek jar or vase with a large oval body, narrow cylindrical neck, and two handles that rise almost to the level of the mouth.

KRATER

a large two-handled type of vase in Ancient Greek pottery and metalwork, mostly used for the mixing of wine with water

VOLUTE KRATER

These handles, which rise from the shoulder and curl in a scroll-like form, are the defining feature of this vessel type. 

KYLIX

wide-bowled drinking cup with horizontal handles

DRUM

a piece of a column; parts of a column that creates a whole

FLUTING

a series of shallow, vertical grooves or concave channels, typically found on columns, pilasters, and other architectural elements

ENTASIS

a slight bulge or convex curvature given to a column or other vertical element to counteract the optical illusion of concavity

TRIGLYPHS

a structural element found in the Doric order frieze, characterized by two vertical grooves (glyphs) and two chamfers (half-glyphs) on the sides; creating three vertical bands

METOPES

a rectangular architectural element of the Doric order, filling the space between triglyphs in a frieze , a decorative band above an architrave

FRIEZE

a horizontal band of relief sculpture or painting, often found on the exterior of buildings

PEDIMENT

a classical architectural element that forms the triangular gable found above the horizontal structure of the cornice or entablature, typically supported by columns

CONTRAPPOSTO

a naturalistic pose of a human figure, most commonly seen in classical and Renaissance sculpture, where the figure's weight is shifted onto one leg, causing a natural curve and counter-balance in the body

LOST-WAX BRONZE CASTING

an ancient method of metal casting where a duplicate metal sculpture is cast from a wax model

AGORA

an open space that served as a meeting ground for various activities of the citizens

ACROPOLIS

a fortified high city, often located on a hill, that served as the central, religious, and political hub of an ancient Greek city

ca. 630 BCE

ca. 600–590 BCE

Which of the following features are NOT typical of kouros figures?

Ornate jewelry

The New York Kouros shows the influence of

Egyptian art

This is not a portrait of a real man, but an idealized figure, probably used as a grave marker.

True

The term Kouros refers to

the Greek word for "youth."

a type of monumental nude sculpture from the Archaic period in ancient Greece

What was one function of Archaic Kouros figures?

They were grave markers.

How would this sculpture have appeared differently in ancient Greece?

It would have been brightly painted

Which detail is NOT characteristic of all archaic Kouros figures?

naturalism and rounded anatomical forms

Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice.

Black-figure amphora.

ca. 540 BCE

What is the source of Exekias's subject matter on this Greek amphora?

The Illiad

How did the artist create the intricate figures on the shield of Ajax?

He incised lines into areas of black slip

This work was signed by the potter

Ajax

This amphora is one of the finest examples of

The black figure technique

Which best describes the theme addressed by this scene?

We cannot control our fate.

ca. 480 BCE

The restrained naturalism of the Kritios Boy prefigures which period of Greek art?

Classical

The contrapposto of the Kritios Boy can be seen in each of the following details EXCEPT

the facial expression

ca. 460–450 BCE

copy of an original by Polykleitos.

ca. 450-440 BCE

Which term refers to an ideal standard that could be studied and replicated?

Canon

What subject is depicted in the Doryphoros?

a warrior

Which statement is accurate?

This is a Roman copy of a Greek sculpture from the Classical period.

The Greeks based their ideal of beauty on

the harmony of mathematical proportions

Contrapposto is demonstrated in the ________________created by weight bearing and relaxed limbs of this figure.

counterbalance

copy of an original by Myron.

ca. 450 BCE

447–432 BCE

(plus relief sculptures from east pediment, metopes from south side, north and east friezes)

427–424 BCE (view from east).

Akropolis, Athens

ca. 410–407 BCE

This sculpture would have originally been viewed by visitors ______ .

walking on the Sacred Way

What is a parapet?

a railing or low wall

Why is Victory adjusting her sandal?

She's removing her shoes to walk on sacred ground.

421-405 BCE

Akropolis, Athens

Copy of an original by Lysippos,

ca. 330 BCE

ca. 230–220 BCE,

from Pergamon, Turkey

During the Hellenistic period, Greek territory expanded eastward to ______ .

India

What subject matter decorates the frieze of the Altar at Pergamon?

The battle of the Giants and the Olympian gods

What cultural belief of ancient Greece is symbolized by the Battle of the Giants and the Gods?

that Greek civilization could overcome the chaos of the unknown

Which common characteristic of Hellenistic art does NOT appear at the Altar at Pergamon?

the technical accomplishment of the carving

Which formal devices in this detail contribute to heightened drama that is characteristic of Hellenistic art?

the deeply carved surfaces
the circular composition
the use of diagonal lines
the expressions of the figures

Nike of Samothrace.

ca. 190 BCE

Roman copy of an original of the late 3rd or 2nd cent BCE

Laocoön,

1st century CE

The Panathenaic Procession

Which distortions in the Parthenon were used to create the illusion of physical perfection?

Right angles are not used in the building.
The columns expand near their center.
The columns are not evenly spaced.
The metopes are of differing widths.

The stylobate (temple platform) rises near the center.

Who was the artist responsible for the sculptural program decorating the Parthenon?

Phidias

Why did architects model buildings in Washington DC on the classical style of the Parthenon?

As a symbol of democracy

a necklace

In addition to providing Hegeso's name, what other information is included in the inscription on this stele?

the name of her father

What do the architectural details surrounding Hegeso and her servant reveal about ancient Greek
culture?

that women occupied a domestic sphere

Which detail best reveals a sense of body mass in the shallow space of this relief?

the drapery falls on both sides of the chair

To mix water and wine

What subject matter is depicted on this side of the vase?

A scene from the story of Niobid

Why do art historians believe this vase reflects innovations in Greek wall painting of the time?

Literary discussions reveal a connection to the Greek wall painter Polygnotos.

What is true about the red-figure technique of Greek vase painting?

Interior details allow for greater naturalism in the figures.

This scene represents the turning point in a battle between the Greeks and the

Persians

Art historians believe this mosaic is based on ______.

ancient Greek painting.

This mosaic was found in ______

one of the most elaborately decorated mansions in Pompeii.

The mosaic was buried under ash when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 C.E. and was preserved until the building was excavated.

True

Each of the following gives the mosaic its sense of naturalism EXCEPT

The use of decorative patterning

Stylistically, this sculpture is an example of which of the following art historical periods?

Hellenistic

Which of the following narratives is illustrated by the sculpture?

The death of a Trojan priest

The sculptor whose work was most influenced by the work shown was

Michelangelo

The process used to produce this sculpture is

subtractive

The sculpture does all of the following EXCEPT

exhibit classical repose

a pin or brooch, usually made of metal, used to fasten clothing, particularly cloaks or capes, in ancient and medieval times

SARCOPHAGUS

an elaborate stone coffin, often decorated with sculptures or inscriptions, used to house a deceased person

RELIEF CARVING

a sculpture technique where figures or designs are raised from a background surface, creating a three-dimensional effect while remaining attached to the background

TERRA COTTA

a type of red-colored earthenware sculpture or functional object, often made from clay that is fired at a relatively low temperature

ORATOR POSE

a traditional pose in art history used to depict leaders, often emperors or generals, addressing their troops or subjects

FRESCO

painting onto wet plaster

3rd century BCE

Tarquinia.

ca. 530–520 BCE

ca. 520 BCE

Tarquinia.

3rd century BCE

as described by Vitruvius

from Veii.

ca. 510 BCE

Participating in public events

The Etruscans primarily influenced which other ancient culture?

Rome

Several large-scale sarcophagus have been found representing

Male and female figures

We do NOT know what the figures on Sarcophagus of the Spouses once held.

True

Thanks to the Romans, an extensive library of Etruscan writing has survived.

False

The Etruscans traded primarily with the ancient Egyptians.

(They traded with many cultures, such as the Greeks and Ancient Near East)

Which ancient culture most influenced Etruscan architecture?

Greece

a style of portraiture characterized by a highly realistic and often exaggerated portrayal of facial features, particularly those related to age and imperfection
ENGAGED COLUMNS

one that is built into a wall and protrudes only partially from it
FORUM

a central, open-air public space in ancient Roman cities, often surrounded by public buildings and colonnades
BASILICA

A large public building, rectangular in plan, normally featuring a nave flanked by aisles, and an apse. basilicas were secular buildings, used as law courts and markets, and for public assemblies.
BARREL VAULT

a series of arches placed one after another to create a tunnel
GROIN VAULT

produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. triangular looking vaults
ARCADE

a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers
OCULUS

a circular opening, typically found in a dome or wall, that allows light to enter and sometimes air
COFFERS

a square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault
AQUEDUCT

a system of pipes, water channels, and trenches that directed fresh water into the Roman cities
ENCAUSTIC

a form of painting that involves a heated wax medium to which colored pigments have been added
DOMUS

a type of urban dwelling, specifically a private residence, that was common in ancient Rome, particularly among the upper classes
ATRIUM

The formal entrance hall of an ancient Roman house, open to the sky at the center and often featuring a pool for the collection of rain water (impluvium)
IMPLUVIUM

the sunken part of the atrium in a Greek or Roman house (domus), designed to carry away the rainwater falling from the compluvium of the roof. into a pool
PERISTYLE

a continuous porch formed by a row of columns surrounding the perimeter of a building or a courtyard
FRESCO PAINTING

a mural painting technique that involves painting with water-based paint directly onto wet plaster so that the paint becomes an integral part of the plaster
TETRARCHS

the four rulers of the Roman Empire who were in power during the late third and early fourth centuries CE

509 BC—threw out last Etruscan king
146 BC—Rome overthrew Greece
46 BC—Julius Caesar became perpetual
dictator; civil war
44 BC—Julius Caesar assassinated

Empire Period: c. 100 AD

Late Empire: c. 300 AD

High Empire: “The 5 Good Emperors”
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius

Rome.

ca. 80–70 BCE

Late 1st-century BCE head,

modern bust 

Early 1st century BCE 

Possibly Roman copy of a statue of

ca. 20 CE

13–9 BCE 

detail of Ara Pacis Augustae,

Rome.

13-9 BC

Rome.

72–80 CE

Rome.

ca. 81 CE 

showing procession of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem.

ca. 81 CE

Restored view by Gilbert Gorski

Rome.

106–13 CE 

117–25 CE

161–80 CE 

2nd century BCE–79 CE

from the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor

at Boscoreale, near Pompeii.

Mid-1st century BCE

Ixion Room, House of the Vettii,

Pompeii. 

63–79 CE

ca. 307 CE

Early 4th century CE 

Rome.

312–15 CE

Age and Wisdom

Late Republic portraits are supposed to be true to life, but they may exaggerate. . .

the age of the figures

The senators who ruled Rome came from elite families.

TRUE 

Later Roman portrait sculpture, under the Emperor Augustus, looks back to the Greek ideals of age and wisdom.
False (The Greeks idealized youth and beauty)

descended from the Gods
a successful military leader
youthful and athletic

Which of the following are likely NOT represented on Augustus's breastplate?
Venus

Imperial Roman portraits were commonly distributed throughout the empire; this sculpture was found in______.

The Villa of Primaporta

True

Augustus is said to have found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of granite, evoking an image of the golden age of Rome.

False (The Roman historian Seutonius wrote that Augustus found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble, evoking an image of the golden age of Rome.)

Art historians interpret the numerous plants and animals to represent

The fertility and abundance

In many ways the relief sculpture of the procession on either side of the Ara Pacis recalls the frieze on the Parthenon, recalling the golden age of Greece. However, it differs in which respects?
Select all that apply.

It likely depicts a specific event on a specific date; It likely depicts specific individuals

Concrete

 and made extensive use of

Arches

People were seated in the Colosseum according to their religion.

False (They were seated according to their status)

Identify the orders used in the Colosseum.

From bottom to top: Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian, Corinthian pilasters

The Column of Trajan was built with . . .

Marble blocks that were stacked

The scenes in the frieze show battles and . . . (select all that apply)

Camps of soldiers, building projects.

Latin inscription

they did use large porch, columns, pediment

The Pantheon was built to contain a perfect sphere and was influenced by Greek mathematical ideas.
True

Which of the following is NOT true of the Pantheon
The dome of the Pantheon was constructed with precisely cut marble bricks

What was true

The Pantheon is a temple and was dedicated to the seven main gods in the Roman religion.
When it was made, the Pantheon was the largest dome in the world and it would be more than a thousand years before architects built another dome of a similar size

When Rome was sacked by Germanic tribes in the fifth century, they removed the gold that decorated the Pantheon.

False

The Equestrian Sculpture of Marcus Aurelius reflects a sophisticated knowledge of both human anatomy and the anatomy of the horse.

True

The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius influenced

Renaissance artists

In a niche in the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine.

Constantine moved the administrative center of the empire from Rome to

Constantinople
which contributed to the decline of Rome as a city

The emerging abstraction that is present in the Colossus of Constantine came to be associated with . . .

The rise of Christianity.

True

The Arch of Constantine is

Unusual

in that it celebrates a victory of a Roman, Constantine, over another Roman, Maxentius, at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge

The style of the frieze sculptures moves away from

The classicism and naturalism

and moves toward 

Medievalism and abstraction

The Arch of Constantine borrowed elements from other monuments to show that Constantine was a good emperor just like
Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius

who represented a golden age

a particular range or system of types of image used by an artist or artists to convey particular meanings

first two letters of the Greek name “Christ”

Ichthus symbol

the fish looking thing w/ greek symbols

Catacomb

Underground burial place

Loculi=shelves for dead bodies that would be sealed

Orant position

hands raised in prayer

Clerestory

level with windows in basilica

Martyrium

Tesserae

small tiles of colored glass

Nimbus

flat, circular halo

Basilica

a long building similar to a Roman basilica, used as a Christian church

Nave

the central space of a church where the
congregation gathers

Aisle

passageway on either side of the nave

Gallery
Narthex

a foyer between the main entrance and nave

Apse

a semicircular recess at the end of a church,
often containing the altar

Ambulatory=a circular or semi-circular aisle

Spolia

Architectural fragments taken from an old structure and repurposed in new construction

Icon

image of sacred person

Iconoclast

Image Destroyers

Iconophile

supporters of icons

Psalter

A book that contains the Book of Psalms from the Old Testament

Pantocrator

ruler and judge of the universe

Early Byzantine Art: c. 500 A.D.

Middle Byzantine Art: c. 900-1200 A.D.

Late Byzantine Art: c. 1300 A.D.

Rome, Italy,

4th century CE

*not a sectert place to worship

*for the poor

*attempts to spereate themselves from the Rome with on icon images (theory)

*Roman "first style" wall painting- plaster built up and painted to mock marble

*emphasis on the mircales of christ

• sacrifice of isac was a foreteeling of gods willingness to sacrific his son

• Breaking of the bread- maybe the last supper- maybe the multi of bread and fish

• Woman in the veil- in the orant pose- her getting married and giving birth and worship. Face naturalistic, but her hands are too large for her

• Christ in the middle as "the good sheperd"

• Brids- Peacock; eternal life, Quail; symbols of the earth that walk on the earth; Christ being nbetween the earthly and heavnly: Doves; holding olive branchs

Rome, Italy.

Ca. 270 CE

*Scholars believe that he converted to Christianity shortly before his death accounting for the inclusion of Christ and scenes from the Bible

*We do not find in this early period images of the Nativity, Crucifixion, or Resurrection of Christ during this time

*this is the story of Jonah they saw him as a christ like figure

*Still illegal

*looks like neptune, but is an early christian symbol

*Forshadowed the 3 day/nights jesus spent in the tomb

*It's about life after death

*Modled after greek andimion and man who was granted eternal sleep

*Ideal man and women atb the time: man learn women in prayer

*unfinished faces do that the faces could be carved in the likeness of the purchaser

*Christ as the good sheperd

*Baptist more generally or John bapzing christ with the dove and the sheep

*fishermen on the side to represnt christs apostles

Ravenna, Italy.

425-50 CE

*Named of daugher of the emporer

*she ruler the western roman empire while her kid grew up

*built from re used ancient roman brick

*7-8 feet of marble

*covered in mosaics

*builed in a cross

*We see acapus leaves and vines as grape vines

*One mosaic is a man with a book and a cross running towards a fire and on the other side we a cabnet with books

• some think its saint launce others think its saint vincent

• * dressed like and ancient roman

• fire has grill over it there are some natrual things but a lot feels like it doesnt make sense

• Another mosacis as christ as the good sheperd

• right out of the gospel of john

• a more youthful image of christ

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia,

Ravenna, Italy

Rome, Italy.

ca. 324–400 CE

*originally functioning as a combination of cemetery basilica and martyrium, sited so that the focal point was the marker at the tomb of Peter, covered by a ciborium (canopy) and located at the chord of the western apse

*The enormous five-aisled basilica served as the setting for burials and the refrigeria. To this was juxtaposed a transept – essentially a transverse, single-aisled nave—which provided access to the saint’s tomb.

*

Rome, Italy.

ca. 324–400 CE

Rome, Italy.

ca. 324–400 CE

ca. 359 CE

*Roman Prefect

*Christ in the center and is more youthful with Peter and Paul

*Naturalism in the way he is sat

*He is on top of an old river god showing them above the old polythistic Roman world

*Using Pagan Roman art

*Heads are a little larger and bodies pudgyer

*Adam and Eve

*Christ life is a fufilment of Old testemant stories

*they are deep reliefs

*made of marble

Ravenna, Italy.

425–50 CE

Ravenna, Italy.

425–50 CE

Ravenna, Italy.

526–47 CE

*Its a centre church not cross like

*Stacking of clomuns

*many depictions of offerings

*Abel and Melchizedek offering to god with gods hand above accepting the offering

*Opposite to that is abraham offering Issac and on the other side Araham is offering bread to three strangers seen as god

*Many are of what life in heaven would be like

*Gold and glittery tesserae

*Most are glass, but some are of silver and pearl adn some are of less reflective stone to create a contrast

*they often use orange to create highlights

*Painting with stone

*see dolphins

*doves in urnes with vines arounf with grapes

*many things from the natural worlds

*Christ in the center dressed in purple sitting on a orb (the earth) with the 4 rivers below

*holding the book of the apocalypse or revelation and anding a crown to Saint Vitalis who is the primary martryer of the town

*other side is Bishop Ecclesius who found and sponsered the building handing the building to an angel next to christ

*right of you is christ depicted as the lambe of god the sacrifice

*held up four angels standing on the globe

*In an arch jesus is depicted as older

*moving down te arch is 14 figures including the apostles

*marble colums with a new iconography unseen

*above the capital is the impost block

*two important mosacis are of Justinian and Theodora

*to reasurt their power of Ravenna because they never went there

*Him in the center with a purple rob on surronded by soldiers and religous figures

*the 3 powers, church, emporer, military

*They are all frontal but HE is holding a blow that would have held the bread for sacriment towards christ

*no concern for naturalism

*maxinian the bishop sits beside Justin

*Theodora ruled as co equal to Justin

*she holds a chals for the wine for the sacriment

*she also has a halo over her head

*surronded by attendents of court

*the extravagent stuff goes back to anceint ideals

*you can tell who is who thrpugh the clothes

Ravenna, Italy.

526–47 CE

Ravenna, Italy.

526–47 CE

Ravenna, Italy.

526–47 CE

Ravenna, Italy.

526–47 CE

Ravenna, Italy.

526–47 CE

Istanbul, Turkey.

532–37 CE

*This is the 3rd one built

*one burned down in the Nika roit against Justin

*Express his power Constantian

*every mathimantical

*Old where wodden roofs

*central plan + basillica

*The dome is on a square they did it with pendentives (smaller half domes)

*a lot of pressure thogugh

*light is connected to with ideas of prefection and the devine

*40 windows on the base of the dome

*a unity of heaven and earth

*covered in gold mosaic and patterns

*no figures in the church

*very colorful and marbles where imbeded into the building

*transformed into a mosc when Islam took over

*crusaders attempted to take it back from the muslims

Istanbul, Turkey.

532–37 CE

Istanbul, Turkey.

532–37 CE

Istanbul, Turkey.

532–37 CE

Istanbul, Turkey.

532–37 CE

Istanbul, Turkey.

532–37 CE

Mount Sinai, Egypt.

6th century CE

Mount Sinai, Egypt.

Late 6th century CE

Church of the Dormition,

Daphni, Greece

*gesture of blessings

late 13th-century CE

Chora Church,

Istanbul,

c. 1315-1321

*christ saving those in hell that lived before christ

*there is a sense of movement

*Broken locks as jesus breaks peopel out of hell to save them

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Mihrab

prayer niche pointing to Mecca

Qibla Wall

wall that points to Mecca and contains the mihrab

Kufic Script

alphabet of early Islam (written right to left)

Minaret

Tower for calling people to prayer

Horseshoe arches

Arch shaped like a horseshoe

Hypostyle Hall

having many columns

Voussoirs

wedge-shaped stone

Iwan

vaulted entrance

Muqarnas

form of ornamental vaulting (also called honeycomb or stalactite vaulting)

Madrasa

school/college

One of the most common misconceptions about the art of the Islamic world is that it is aniconic; that is, the art does not contain representations of humans or animals.

Isfahan, Iran

A.D. 1354–55

*A mihrab is used in a mosque to identify the wall that faces Mecca—the birth place of Islam in what is now Saudi Arabia

*All moscas have it

*based on the prophets courtyard in his own home

*blue tiles all over the city

*comes from a school

*sermone written into the mihrab

*must be in arabic

*has kufic script

*lists the 5 pillars of islam

*

Umayyad dynasty (661-750)

ca. 690 and later

Great Mosque of Córdoba,

Spain

(During the Abbasid begun 786)

*It is built with recycled ancient Roman columns from which sprout a striking combination of two-tiered, symmetrical arches, formed of stone and red brick.

*The mihrab in the Great Mosque of Córdoba is framed by an exquisitely decorated arch behind which is an unusually large space, the size of a small room

*Gold tesserae (small pieces of glass with gold and color backing) create a dazzling combination of dark blues, reddish browns, yellows and golds that form intricate calligraphic bands and vegetal motifs that adorn the arch.

*Above the mihrab, is an equally dazzling dome. It is built of crisscrossing ribs that create pointed arches all lavishly covered with gold mosaic in a radial pattern.

*

Spain

(During the Abbasid begun 786)

Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

ca. 1435

Granada, Spain.

Mid-14th century

*a fountain with a complex hydraulic system consisting of a marble basin on the backs of twelve carved stone lions situated at the intersection of two water channels that form a cross in the rectilinear courtyard

*There are two other halls in the Palace of the Lions on the northern and southern ends, both apartments

*

from northern India.

Mid-17th century

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

from the Akbarnama,

c. 1590

*The scene is a royal elephant hunt where the Mughal emperor, Akbar, has mounted Hawa’i—an elephant known for its wild and uncontrollable disposition—to fight the equally fierce elephant Ran Bagha, who leads them on a wild chase across the river

*The most prominent onlooker is the Prime Minister Ataga Khan, who holds his hands in prayer for a peaceful resolution to this chaotic scene.

*these illustrations encapsulate, both symbolically and literally, the significant achievements of this remarkable man as told in the Akbarnama, the book he commissioned as the official chronicle of his reign.

*Akbar was a champion of new styles in literature, architecture, music, and painting.

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

1615-1618

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

*In this miniature painting, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, flames of gold radiate from the Emperor’s head against a background of a larger, darker gold disc

*In this miniature painting, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, flames of gold radiate from the Emperor’s head against a background of a larger, darker gold disc

*Inscriptions in the cartouches on the top and bottom margins of the folio reiterate the fact that the Emperor favors visitation with a holy man over an audience with kings

*Worlds coliiding but he is the ruler of all things.

Agra, India.

ca. 1650

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

*Shah Jahans wivess, Mumtaz Mahal, tomb after death during child birth

*The Taj is, however, exceptional for its monumental scale, stunning gardens, lavish ornamentation, and its overt use of white marble.

*The white-marble mausoleum is flanked on either side by identical buildings in red sandstone.  One of these serves as a mosque, and the other, whose exact function is unknown, provides architectural balance.

*The interior floor plan of the Taj exhibits the hasht bishisht (eight levels) principle, alluding to the eight levels of paradise

*Qur’anic verses inscribed into the walls of the building and designs inlaid with semi-precious stones—coral, onyx, carnelian, amethyst, and lapis lazuli

*flowers are important

*Taj Mahal being referred to as an architectural “symbol of love” in popular literature

*one suggests that the Taj is not a funeral monument, and that Shah Jahan might have built a similar structure even if his wife had not died. Based on the metaphoric specificity of Qur’anic and other inscriptions and the emperor’s love of thrones, another theory maintains that the Taj Mahal is a symbolic representation of a Divine Throne—the seat of God—on the Day of Judgment.

*A third view holds that the monument was built to represent a replica of a house of paradise

*

west portal of Cathedral of Norte-Dame, Chartres

*Abstraction helps them with the spirituality of them

North transept of cathedral of Norte-Dame

Chartes

ca. 1204-30

*transet- a window and arch that is pointed up to the heavens

*the portals draw you into the home

*they are carrying Mary up into heaven

*

*these ones are less elongated

*they are not floating

*they add more and more naturalism

*all of them are saint

*saint theodore

*the smallest bit of contropostto

Chartres

*the stain glass causes this glitter affect

*stain glass was like their version of painting held together by led

*some parts of the stain glass is actually painted

*to beautify the church

*to diffuse the light

*to let in light

*to teach the scriptures ot those who can not read

*transforms the material of the stone into immaterial

*to transport viewers into the more heavnly vibe

*when you read stain glass we start for the bottom up

*still left to right

*the 3x3 is of the birth of christ

*the one like a clover in a clover at the bottom is of the good sameritan

Laon, France

ca. 1160-1210

*barrel vault vs groin vault

Paris

ca. 1200-50

*the rose window

*door jamb figure

*a lot of peicing in the stone

*a lot of cutting out g the walls

*tracery- thin lines of stone

*the arches are pointed

what does it haave in common with the Partheonn

*open spacing to fell more airy

*have mathematics heavy involved with it

*both have post lintel

*ribbed groin vaulted ceilings

*to feel transported

*

*water spouts

*if they dont have water spouts on them they are not gargouls they are grotesques

*More openings

*more pointy things

*more carving out of the building

*more rose windows

west Portal od Cathedral of Norte Dame in Rems

ca. 1230-65

*the jambs are looking less and less like columns

*the two on the right are belived to be made by the same man and maybe made by a Roman because of the drapery

*more naturalism

*the left is angel gabriel, then Mary, then Mary and Elizabeth

*the angel is simling

1248-1880

*it is the tallest of the Cathedrals

*the stone work on the top and you can see the jericho crucifix

1214-48

*after the fall they started going smaller and focusing on the most important, windows and tractrey

Bible of Saint Louis

ca. 1227-34

(Moralized Bible) - taking stories from a bunch of different books to teach a lesson

*Queen teaching the king lessons

*also exencuates the royal

from Psalter of St. Loius

1253-70

*depitics of stain glass

*they have the pointed arches

*Abraham on a Holy war

*Abraham bringing the king his tithing

*Melchizedek is often seen as a sort of christ like figure

*Mel is offering something back to Abraham

*He offers him bread and wine

*they have the "gothic sway" and it does not always work anatomically and is seen as more naturalistic

*

The Betrayal of Christ and Annuciation

From the hours of Jeanne d'Evreux

1324-28

*is a book of hours and is a book of prayer they were supposed to say their prayers at certain times

*the capture of Jesus and everyone has a halo over their head exept for Judas

*they are adding more depth

*they have side stories they go on that have nothing to do with the main story

*Their is spacial use with something in fron and something behind

The Enchanted Garden

From Le Dit du Lion

1339

*its gilded gold so it simply covered in gold

*the gothic sway

*she thinks of mary as a queen is pretty small

Early 14th

Stone

*Cathedral of Norte-Dame, Paris

*jesus actully depicted as a child

spire ca. 1320-30

*Butrresses became for stylish than for practical

*in harry potter

“fenced in” (bronze outlines with garnet and enamel)

illuminated manuscript

book with painted
decorations

initial page

large decorative first letters of pages or of a persons initals

carpet page

a full page in an illuminated manuscript that is filled with intricate, patterned designs (similar to a carpet)

miniaturist

artist

scriptorium

a room, often within a
monastery, dedicated to the copying
and illumination of manuscripts

codex

a manuscript in book form, consisting of individual pages bound together, as opposed to the earlier scroll format

the four evangelists

The 4 Evangelists
Matthew=man
Mark=lion
Luke=ox
John=eagle

repoussé

a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side

westwork

a monumental, west-facing entrance area in early medieval churches, typically featuring towers on each end

Charlemagne
=
Carolus Magnus
=
Charles the Great

from the Sutton Hoo ship burial.

First half of 7th century

from the Sutton Hoo ship burial.

First half of 7th century

*Cloisonné=“fenced in” (bronze outlines with garnet and enamel)

*possibly king redwald

*a display of riches

*a reconstruction

*interlacing animal style

*millefori- canes of glass fused together

*found in a ship

*inbetween roman rule and norman invasion

*very early christianity

*The lid was made to cover a leather pouch containing gold coins. It hung by three hinged straps from the waist belt, and was fastened by a gold buckle. The lid had totally decayed but was probably made of whalebone

from the Book of Durrow,

ca. 680

*Illuminated manuscript= book with painted decorations

from the Lindisfarne Gospels.

ca. 700

*Miniaturist=artist

*Attributed to one person: Bishop Eadfrith

*Carpet page=a full page in an illuminated manuscript that is filled with intricate, patterned designs (similar to a carpet)

*used to make the books individual

*common with old images

*has animal heads and the cross, but all mostly abstract

*the moving of info

from the Lindisfarne Gospels.

Ca. 700

*it is st matthew

*naturalism that nods to rome and greek

*flatter and more linear influnce of Iona

*penned by a single individual

*they would translate the book

*a luxury object

from the Book of Matthew, Book of Kells,

ca. 800

Book of Kells

*scriptorium- a place to just write

*a canon table-like a table of contents

*first images of Mary

*many carpet pages

Chi Ro

*the first letters of chirst name in greek

*interlacing used

*human heads, anmials, birds

*cats bitting

*act of devotion

*the New Testament

from Oseberg, Norway.

ca. 834

9th century

from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne (Coronation Gospels).

ca. 800-10

*were discovered in Charlemagne's tomb within the Palatine Chapel

*The manuscript is clearly a luxury object, written in gold ink on purple-dyed vellum

*are consistent with the elements of classical revival (e.g., modeling of figures to make them appear three-dimensional, gradation of the sky, the architecture and furnishings

*

from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims.

Ca. 816-35

*The brushwork of the author portraits can be described as energetic, expressionistic, even frenzied

*The artist remains attentive to the use of highlighting and shadow to create three-dimensional forms, but does so with textured rather than smooth modeling, which creates an effect of movement.

*Matthew is hunched over as if frantically writing on his (still blank) codex, while Matthew’s posture in the Coronation Gospels is more upright and relaxed; his pen grazes his chin, as if he is pausing in thought.

*interpret of old stuff

*angle in the corner

*landscape of building which is classic

*a 3D view of matthew

Lindau Gospels.

Ca. 870

*Repoussé= a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side.

*the truimphent of christ

*the un able to feel pain

*attempting to bring back classical forms

*like the cross itself is like a building

*Gold, emeraldes, and pearls

*pearls refernce the apostles

*the book leads you to salvation

*hammered form the inside

*less abstract

Germany

Plan

(exterior, plan, doors)

Germany

exterior

(exterior, plan, doors)

abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany

Hildesheim cathedral (originally made for abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim), Germany.

1015

*wanted to recreate art he saw

*upper left down

*eve nursing

*then on the right it goes from the bottom to the top

*scenes from genises

*the opposites of sides they will often parralle each other

*tree

997-1000

*The double page opening of the ruler portrait of Otto III and the accompanying image of provinces bringing tribute is taken from the Gospels of Otto III

*Otto III was the Holy Roman Emperor and nominally ruled over territories corresponding to modern-day Germany, France, and northern Italy.

*Otto III looks out at us with hypnotic eyes, and is dressed in green and the imperial purple

*He is flanked on either side by members of his court: on the right by those who fight (two members of the nobility who carry a sword, a lance, and shield) and, on the left, by those who pray (two members of the clergy who hold books).

*The pendant image depicts four personifications of the territories over which Otto ruled and who are shown bringing him tribute. They are identified as: Sclavinia (Slavic east), Germania (roughly Germany), Gallia (roughly France), and Roma (Rome).

*this comes from classical art

*parrale jesus recieving gifts

*Otto III is represented out of proportion with the much smaller figures that flank him—indicating his status.

*

ca. 997–1000

ca. 970

*the fallen christ

Going to a holy place

Santiago de Compostela

Santiago de Compostela in Spain offered a much more convenient option.

a pilgrimage site of saint james

“Way of Saint James”

barrel vault

A deep arch extended in length

compound piers

a vertical support with attached columns or shafts

bays

a unit of space that repeats within a larger structure

apsidiole

small chapels radiating from the apse; small little circles

ambulatory
transept
crossing
narthex
nave

reliquary

a decorated container for a relic

cloister

a covered walkway, typically surrounding a courtyard or garden, found in monasteries and convents

tympanum

a semi-circular recessed space typically found above a doorway, often decorated with sculpture

trumeau

a central vertical post or pier that supports the lintel and tympanum of a large doorway

jamb

a vertical element of a doorway or window frame, often a side post

groin vaults

A vault formation created by the perpendicular intersection of two barrel vaults.

campanile

Bell tower

mandorla

full body halo

champlevé

an enamel process where the surface to be enameled is carved or etched with a design prior to enameling

Historiated capital

a capital that tells a story

church of Sant Vicenc,

Cardona, Spain.

ca. 1029-1040

Spain.

ca. 1075–1120

(inside, outside, plan)

Spain.

ca. 1075–1120

Plan

(inside, outside, plan)

Spain.

ca. 1075–1120

inside

(inside, outside, plan)

*It is also an abbey, meaning that the church was part of a monastery where monks lived, prayed and worked.

*It is known as a pilgrimage church because many of the large churches along the route to Santiago de Compostela took a similar shape

*Not only did this plan take the symbolic form of the cross but it also helped control the crowds of pilgrims. In most cases, pilgrims could enter the western portal and then circulate around the church towards the apse at the eastern end.

*This design helped to regulate the flow of traffic throughout the church although the intention and effective use of this design has been debated.

*

church of Saint-Pierre,

Moissac.

ca. 1115-30

*which represents—appropriately for this part of the church—the Last Judgment

*An inscription ("Gislebertus hoc fecit” “Gislebertus made me”), at the base of the giant immobile figure of Christ at the center, records the name of the artist or head of the workshop which produced it, though it has been suggested that it may refer to the original patron who was responsible for bringing the relics of Lazurus to Autun in the Carolingian period.

*In this case, the tympanum is surrounded by three decorative archivolts (arches), which have various foliate patterns carved into the individual blocks of stone, known as the voussoirs, which make them up

*The moment described in this passage, and represented here, is not a narrative in the sense that the Last Judgment is, but it is rather a more esoteric concept of the Second Coming of Christ and the End of Time.

*In his left hand, he balances a book on his knee, perhaps a reference to the Book of Revelation.

*Immediately to the left and right of the seated figure of Christ are the Evangelical Beasts, three animals, and one human figure, who represent the four Evangelists who wrote the New Testament Gospels. Matthew, in the upper left, is represented by the winged man, Mark just below is shown as the lion, Luke on the bottom right is seen as the ox, and John the Evangelist is represented as the eagle.

*

*On the front, the viewer is faced with three pairs of intertwined lions and lionesses who are there to symbolically guard the entry into the sacred space of the church.

*On the east side of the trumeau is a representation of the Old Testament prophet Jeremiah (some scholars suggest it is Isaiah), who holds a scroll in his hands.

*On the west side is a figure identified as St. Paul, from the New Testament.

*Across from St. Paul is a representation of St. Peter, also a

New Testament saint (and the namesake of the church), and across from Jeremiah, is the Old Testament prophet Isaiah.

*The pairing of Old and New Testament figures was common during this period as a means of suggesting the fulfillment of Mosaic law (the law coming Moses) in the new Christian law under Christ.

*

Autun, France.

Ca. 1120-35

*Jamb = a vertical element of a doorway or window frame, often a side post

from the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus. ca. 1147

from the Winchester Psalter.

Winchester, England.

ca. 1150

Pisa, Italy.

(west view)

1053–1272

Florence, Italy.

Ca. 1060-1150

ca. 103-61;

vaulted ca. 1080-1106 (interior)

ca. 1066–83

detail of the Bayeux Tapestry. ca. 1066–83

ca. 1066–83 

*William is portrayed ordering his men to build a fleet of longships, stock them with arms and armor, food, wine, and horses, and set sail for England, where they feast, plan, and finally attack

*

England.

1093-1130

Nave

(plan, nave, transverse section)

*made to contain relics of st cuthbert

*decrotive surfaces

*relies on the arch

*it feels fortified and heavy

*cylindeacal peirs- more basic with decrotive carvings that were likey og painted; and compound peirs- more complex

*emulate old important things

*interlaced blind aracde that were painted brightly

*rib vaulting used and was stone

*in the galilee was much lighter and made arches of wood

*it is wrapped around a river

England.

1093–1130 (after Conant)

(façade, plan, nave)

West façade of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. Begun 1068

Begun 1068

Caen, France.

Vaulted ca. 1115–20

Disadvantages of stone barrel
vaults vs. wooden trussed
roofs:
1. Less light!

Why would people go on a pilgrimage?
1. expression of Christian devotion
2. could purify the soul and perhaps even
produce miraculous healing benefits.
3. could reduce time in purgatory
4. a criminal could travel the "Way of Saint
James” as an act penance
5. opportunities to travel and see some of the world

*Classical influence was also frequently mediated through an intermediary—most importantly Byzantine art

*and the ottonian art

 ca. 1075–1120 (after Dehio)

(d) ribbed groin vault; (e) dome

*pilgrims needed places to stay

*pilgrims wanted to buy souvenirs

* pilgrims needed places to eat.

Which of the following are true?

*As pilgrimages became increasingly popular, there was a building boom in Europe.
*The Cathedral of St. Lazare is believed to hold the relics, or bones, of St. Lazarus.
*This Last Judgment tympanum in Autun was one of the first monumental sculptures since antiquity.

Which of the following are true of the central figure of Christ in the Last Judgment?
*his body proportions are not naturalistic

*he appears flattened, frontal and symmetrical

*he is elongated

The almond shape that surrounds Christ is called a . . .

*mandorla Images of heaven and hell caused medieval people to consider . . .
*their own standing before God

*Invasions and political upheavals.

All of the following features are typical of Hiberno-Saxon art EXCEPT . . .
*meanders

they do have these features

*animal hybrids
*spirals
*interlacing

The illustrations of the Lindisfarne Gospels show us that Hiberno-Saxon artists had a unsophisticated sense of design and little interest in detail

*FALSE

 What detail of Matthew's portrait page in the Lindisfarne Gospels suggests a Classical influence on Hiberno-Saxon art?

*the figure's robes and posture

The intricate patterns and ornamental detail of this page from the Lindisfarne Gospels served to

*encourage meditative contemplation

Charlemagne instructed his artists at court to revive the artistic styles that were present in the days of ...

*Constantine

The influence of the classical tradition is present in the Lindau Gospel Cover in the . . .

*use of gold

The figures are examples of...

*Repoussé
 which is a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side.

Bishop Bernward got the idea for his doors from seeing monumental doors . . .

*on a pilgrimage to Rome.

In the bronze doors at Hildesheim, scenes on the left door show episodes from

*Genesis

while scenes on the right door show events from 

*The life of Christ

In the bronze doors at Hildesheim, the scene of the Crucifixion is paired with . . 

*The Temptation in the Garden of Eden

Each of Bishop Bernward's bronze doors was cast using . . 

* the lost wax process

A shallow, arcaded passage in the thickness of the wall between the nave arcade and the clerestory

Flying buttress

 an architectural support that extends from the wall of a building to a separate pier or buttress, transferring the outward thrust away from the wall and down to the ground. 

Pointed arches

Ribbed groin vaults

Flying buttresses

Nave

Transept

Crossing

Aisles

Ambulatory

Nave arcade

Gallery

Triforium

Clerestory

Compound piers

Westwork

Jamb statues

Cult of Mary

Gothic “sway”

Stained glass

Tracery windows

Rayonnant or Court Style

Fan Vaulting (England)