Discussion Board by Richard Depanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je ANS en-us 2020-06-24 01:41:02 UTC 2025-12-24 00:59:19 UTC hello@padlet.com ANS (Subdivisions) 2 Divisions richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638152624
  • • Sympathetic
    • Adrenergic
    • or know as "Fight or Flight"
    • Body Wide Affect
    • Long post ganglionic as ganglia is far from target organ
  • Parasympathetic
    • Cholinergic
    • or known as "Rest and Digest"
    • Long Pre-Ganglionic Neuron/ Short Post
    • Stimulates one specific body part

    • ]]>     2020-06-24 01:48:04 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638152624     Neurotransmitters richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638155718 What do they do? 
    • Keep impulses traveling, Chemicals that stimulate and organ or gland by binding to receptors to create a change
    Sympathetic (Adrenergic)- all Released to nerve endings from postganglionic neuron
    NT's 
    1. Epinephrine (EPI)- released from the adrenal medulla ( part of Hypothalamus)
    2. Norepinephrine (NE)- released from the adrenal medulla
    3. Dopamine ( a precursor in the sympathetic system to NE)
    Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
    NT's
    1. Acetylcholine (ACH)- released at pre and post ganglionic nerve endings 


    ]]>     2020-06-24 01:52:37 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638155718     Receptors- Adrenergic richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638166987
  • Alpha 1 
    • Found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins
    • Stimulated by NE and EPI
    • Can Cause smooth muscle contraction & vasoconstriction
  • Alpha 2 
    • Negative feedback system that regulates sympathetic activity that decreases the amount of NE released on the nerve ending 
  • Beta 1
    • Found on the heart
    • When stimulated can lead to and increase of- Heart Rate, Force of Contraction, and Conduction
  • Beta 2 
    • Found on smooth muscle, Lungs, Skeletal Muscles, Arteries, and Coronary Arteries
    • Can cause smooth muscle relaxation, Bronchodialation, Vasodilatation, and uterine Relaxation 
    • Only Stimulated by EPI not NE
    • ]]>     2020-06-24 02:07:23 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638166987     Receptors- (Cholinergic) ACH Stimulates ALL richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638178719
  • Muscarinic
    • Found on the Heart, Smooth Muscle, and Glands and at the post ganglionic Neuron
    • Stimulated by ACH
    • Can Cause Decreased heart rate, Bronchoconstriction, Pupillary Constriciton, Increased GI secretion, Increased Urination, and Increase in Digestion
  • Nicotinic 1 
    • Found at ganglia for both PARA & Sympathetic Nerves
    • Stimulated by ACH
  • Nicotinic 2 or Nm
    • Found on the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle
    • Includes Voluntary Control When Activated
    • ]]>     2020-06-24 02:23:45 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638178719     Sympathetic Drug Classes richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638192954 Sympathomimetics- Mimic action of the sympathetic system (Agonist)
    Sympatholytics- act against, known as adrenergic blocking]]>     2020-06-24 02:43:03 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638192954     Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonist - rines richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638194975 MOA
    • Stimulates all Alpha 1 receptors
    • Causing contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels
    • Vasoconstriction of nasal passage acting decongestant
    Drugs
    • ephedrine
    • phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine ®)
    Clinical Uses
    1. To increase Blood pressure 
    2. Decongestant
    Side Effects
    • Slow digestion
    • Nasal Dryness.. Not good to use phenylephrine if you have HBP
    ]]>     2020-06-24 02:45:48 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638194975     Adrenergic Agonist- LIfeSaver richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638203389 MOA
    • Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors 
    • Cardiac Stimulant 
    • Bronchodialator
    Drug
    • epinephrine (Adrenaline®)
    Uses
    • Severe Allergic Reactions, Shock, arrhythmia's, and anaphylaxis  
    Side Effect
    • Systemic blood pressure increased 

    ]]>     2020-06-24 02:58:46 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638203389     Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers "azosin" richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638209796 MOA
    • Blocks Alpha 1 Receptors from stimulation of NE or EPI
    • Relaxes Smooth Muscle
    • Increased Vasodialation
    • Increased Uterine Flow
    Uses
    • Hypertension, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    Drugs
    1. prazosin (Minipress ®)
    2. terazosin (Hytrin ®)
    3. doxazosin (Cardura ®)
    Side Effects
    • Be careful with quick motion/position changes possibility of fainting
    • increased Urinatiom

    ]]>     2020-06-24 03:07:40 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638209796     Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonist richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638214277 MOA
    • Low Dose- stimulates dopaminergic receptors in the kidneys to increase renal blood flow 
    • Moderate Dose- stimulates B1 receptors on heart to increase force of contraction= increased Cardiac output
    • High Dose- Includes stimulation of A1 receptors to increase blood pressure and flow throughout the body
    Drugs
    • dobutamine
    Side Effects
    • Could lead to over stimulation of Heart
    ]]>     2020-06-24 03:14:23 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638214277     Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonist richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638219126 MOA 
    • stimulates Beta 2 Receptors
    • Relaxes smooth muscle causing the airways to open
    • And relaxes the uterus
    Uses
    • Asthma, respiratory illnesses, and even preterm labor
    Drugs
    • albuterol (Ventolin ®)
    • terbutaline (Brethine ®)
    • formoterol (Foradil ®)
    Side Effects
    • Tachycardia, Headaches, Tremors
    ]]>     2020-06-24 03:22:02 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638219126     Beta Blocking- Selective/Non-Selective richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638231422 Selective MOA   "olol"
    • Bocks B1 
    • Decreases Cardiac output, HR, BP, Force of Contraction
    Drugs
    • atenolol (Tenormin ®)
    • metoprolol (Lopressor ®)
    Uses
    • Treats Hypertension, angina, migraines, tachycardia, and glaucoma
    Side Effects
    • drowsiness, depression, bradycardia, GI Upset, and CNS Depression
    Non-Selective Beta Blockers MOA
    • blocks both b1 and b2
    • decreases force of contraction, hr, and bp
    • can cause bronchoconstriction not severe
    Uses
    • For arrhythmia's, tachycardia, angina, glaucoma, and heart failure
    Drugs
    • nadolol (Cogard ®)
    • propanolol (Inderol ®)
    • timolol (Blocarden ®)- used for glaucoma reduces rate of aqueous humor 
    Side Effects
    • not good to use if asthmatic 
    • drowsiness, bradycardia, weight gain
    ]]>     2020-06-24 03:40:03 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638231422     Parasympathetic Drug Classes (Cholinergics) richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638243023 Parasympathomimetic- mimics or agonist
    Parasympatholytics-anti-cholinergics]]>     2020-06-24 03:55:55 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638243023     Direct Acting Cholinergic richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638244312 MOA
    • stimulate muscarinic receptors
    • Mimics ACH
    Drugs and Specific Use
    • acetylcholine - used for pupil constriction in prep for eye procedures
    • pilocarpine (Pilocar ®)- decreases fluid in eye for glaucoma
    • bethanecol (Urecholine ®) - urinary retention and prevents constipation

    ]]>     2020-06-24 03:57:29 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638244312     Indirect Cholinergic Agonist richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638261882 MOA
    • inhibits ach destroying enzyme to increase the amount of ACH in the synapse
    Drug
    • neostigimine (Prostigmin ®)
    Use 
    • commonly used for reversal of paralysis from anesthesia and treating and autoimmune disorder called Myasthenia Gravis which attacks nictonic receptors of Nm
    ***side effects of Cholinergics
    SLUDGE
    salivation, sweating, lacrimation, increased urination, Diarrhea , emesis, GI upset
    ]]>     2020-06-24 04:23:14 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638261882     Anti-Cholinergics richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638266120 MOA
    • binds to cholinergic receptors and block them 
    Drugs/Uses
    • atropine- antidote for cholinergic poisoning
    • dicyclomine  (Bentyl ®) -cramps, ibs, gi secretions
    • ipratropium bromide (Atrovent ®)- bronchodialator
    Side Effects
    • dry mouth,  urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia

    ]]>     2020-06-24 04:29:56 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638266120     Somatic Nervous System richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638270877 Voluntary System 
    Involves Nm receptors at the NMJ on skeletal muscle
    ACH is main NT Involved ]]>     2020-06-24 04:36:25 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638270877     Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Polarizing/Depolarizing Peripheral richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638271827  (Depolarizing MOA
    • binds to nicotinic 2 receptor site and alters it to not bind with ACH
    Drugs
    succinylcholine- used for intuabtion in anesthesia and has no antiodote
    Side Effects include fasciculation's, jaw rigidity, and hypotension
    Non-Depolarizing MOA
    • no depolarization occurs 
    • n2 is binded with drug and ach cant bind, no contractions
    Drug 
    • rocuronium bromide (Zemuron ®) -intubation 
    SIde Effects- jaw rigidity, hypotension, respiratory depression

    Direct Acting
    MOA 
    • inhibits skeletal muscle contraction
    • blocks calcium channels
    Drug
    • dantrolene (Dantrium ®)- used for cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries
    Side Effects
    Hard on the liver = do not use if you have liver disease, also vomiting and fatigue




    ]]>     2020-06-24 04:38:00 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638271827     Central Acting Skeletal Relaxants richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638285411 MOA
    • Decreases number of impulses from the spinal cord to be able to produce a contraction
    Drugs
    • cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril ®)
    • carisiprodol (Soma ®) 
    • methocarbamol (Robaxin ®)
    • orphenadine citrate (Norflex ®) 
    • chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte DSC®)
    • metaxalone (Skelaxin ®)
    Uses
    • muscle spasms, injury, and tension
    Side Effects
    • blurred vision, fatigue,  decreased mental alertness, hypotension, and avoid alcohol

    ]]>     2020-06-24 04:57:11 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638285411     Allergy and Respiratory System richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638291575 Made up of smooth muscle
    Parasympathetic- muscarining receptors, B2 cells... no NE activity 
    Treat with steroids, bronchodialators, antihistamines, and antiallergies

    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:05:56 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638291575     Receptors richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638296029 Histamine Receptors
    H1 (Allergies) Found 
    • blood vessels bronchial smooth muscle
    • intestinal smooth muscle
    • Cns
    H2 (GI)  found 
    • stomach 
    • heart 
    • uterine tissue
    • blood vessels
    Mast cells release histamine
    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:11:03 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638296029     Antiallergies/ Mast cell Stabilizers richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638297953 MOA
    • Inhibits mast cell release of histamine
    Drug
    • cromolyn sodium (Intal ®,  Nasalcrom ®) either oral or nasal
    Uses
    • For chronic rhinitis prohylaxis
    Side Effects
    • nasal itching, burning, nausea, drowsiness, and headache
    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:13:16 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638297953     Antihistamines richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638304255 GEN 1 Sedating
    MOA
    • block histamine from h-1 receptors
    Drugs
    • brompheniramine ( Dimetapp ®)
    • cholrpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton ®)
    • clemastine (Tavist ®)
    • diphenhydramine (Benadryl ®)
    • hydroxyzine (Atarax ®)
    • promethazine (Phenergan ®)
    • azelastine (Astelin or Astepro ®)
    GEN 2 Non-Sedating
    • loratadine (Claratin ®)
    • fexofenadine ( Alllegra®)
    • cetrizine  (Zyrtec®)
    Can be used for - 
    • bites, sleep, hives, dermatitis, cold, itching, N/V, motion sickness
    Side Effects
    • drowsiness, xerostomia


    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:19:54 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638304255     Bronchodialators richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638309809 MOA
    • b2 agonist for asthma, copd, bronchitis
    Drugs
    refer to beta 2 agonist slide

    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:26:17 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638309809     Xanthian Derviatives richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638311582 MOA
    • increase cyclic AMP (sympathetic)
    Drugs
    • theophylline (Theo-Dur®)
    • aminophylline (Paladron ®)
    Uses
    • asthma, mucous clearing 
    Side Effects
    GI disturbance, N/V, urination, vasodialation


    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:28:22 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638311582     AntiCholinergics richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638320802 Refer to first slide 
    Also used for asthama
    Included is a combo
    Drug is ipratropium bromide and albuterol(Combivent ®)
    Side Effect - dries mucous membrane may want a saline spray]]>     2020-06-24 05:39:02 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638320802     Cystenial Leukotrine Receptor Antagonist richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638322872 MOA 
    • inhibits leukotrines and formation of prostogladnins
    Drug
    • montelukast (Singuliar ®)  -prevents asthma attacks, used for URI, and bronchitis
    Side Effects
    • Headache and nausea
    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:41:38 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638322872     Inhaled and Nasal Steroids richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638326803 MOA
    • Inhibit Inflammatory Response
    • Used for asthma and rhinitis
    Drugs
    • budesonide (Rhinocort ® or Pulmacort®)
    • mometasone (Nasonex ® or Asamnex®)
    • fluticasone (Flonase® or Flovent ®)
    • triamcinolone (Nasacort ® Azmacort®)
    Side effecrts
    Rinse after use or flush will occur

    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:46:27 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638326803     Expectorants richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638334465 MOA
    • increase respiratory secretions/liquify mucous 
    Drugs
    guaifenasin (Robitussin ®, Mucinex®, Organidin®)
    Best to drink plenty of water to drain mucous

    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:55:42 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638334465     Antitussives richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638336006 MOA
    • prevent cough center in brain from being stimulated
    Drugs Narcotics
    • hydrocodone (Hycodan ®) these both cause drowsiness
    • codeine/guaifenasin (Robitussin AC®)
    Non-Narcotics
    • dextromethorphan/guaifenasin (Robitussin DM®)
    • benzonatate (Tessalon Pearles ®)
    Side Effects
    • drowsiness and can slow down respiration

    ]]>     2020-06-24 05:57:33 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638336006     Decongestants richarddepanfilis https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638342306 MOA 
    • alpha 1 stimulated (sympathetic)
    • vasoconstrictors
    • decrease swelling of mucous membranes
    Uses- sinus infections
    Drugs
    • oxymetazoline(Afrin ®)
    • pheniramine(Dristan ®)
    • phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
    • pseudophedrine (Sudafed®)
    Side Effects 
    increase blood pressure and heart rate.. careful use if you are hypertensive
    ]]>     2020-06-24 06:04:44 UTC https://padlet.com/richarddepanfilis/ggit71koh7nwn5je/wish/638342306