Previously she had been a Research Professor of Education Policy at the George Washington University and professor of Economics at Skidmore College

• Alarmed concern of US student loan debt, exceeding $1t

  • Secretary of Education Arne Duncan says it threatens the American Dream

• Advocates for thorough examination of debt’s role in financing postsecondary education

• Believes it’s important to set a scope for data analysis

Author Kenneth J Cooper is trusted because he is a Pulitzer Prize winner and has worked in many different publication companies (W-Post, Three Bean Press, GBH News, etc)

• Incompetent management/ efficiency of Student Loan Programs in 1990:

  • 2.3b in loan defaults in 1990 (not good)

• Against William Banks, VP of Chemical Bank, who called it overregulated, Sen. Sam Nunn (GA) called it underregulated

• Need for quick action to address fraudulent trade schools and scam operator exploiters

  • Rep. Marge Roukema (NJ) from House Education and Labor Committee

Dr. Greysen is Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar, Yale University School of Medicine and West Haven VA Medical Center

Dr. Chen is assistant professor of pediatrics and health policy, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Dr. Mullan is Murdock Head Professor of Medicine and Health Policy, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services

• Over previous 50 years, medical student debt has transformed into a matter of national importance

• Believes students increasingly rely on loans to fund education

• Current mechanisms for financing medical education may be reaching an unsustainable level of debt

• Believes there are no standards for the costs of medical school attendance. Such cost variation among different schools, even within the same city, raises concerns about transparency/consistency in expense determination

• Rising levels of medical student debt hinder policy efforts to improve physician workforce diversity and address shortages in the primary care workforce

• Indianapolis, began 2000

Probably a very good source because of the reliable history of the organization

• Using expert opinions from higher corporations and positions, the article retells the story of the expansion of American higher education loan practices and systems 1956 onwards.

• Believes politics dictates student debt

JSTOR is reliable because it is peer reviewed.

• Change of student debt has changed across three cohorts of young adults in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000s

• Debt burdens have increased substantially across the three cohorts of study

• The most recent generation of adults has more debt than previous generations of young adults who achieved certain milestones earlier

• Second, young adult debt portfolios have shifted towards non collateralized (unsecured) and student loan debt over time, the latter replacing home mortgage debt as the primary form of wealth-building debt among young adults

• Indianapolis, began 2000

Probably a very good source because of the reliable history of the organization

• College importance and borrowing increased after Great Depression in 1920s

• NDEA allowed schools to give out student loans

• Higher Education Act (1965) by POTUS L. B. Johnson

  • Public-private partnership

• 1990s GA Senator Sam Nunn investigation of 22% default rate stat

  • Higher Education Act modified using Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act

• 1992 onwards, direct lending idea spread

  • Public lending, not corporate

Author Kathryn Mohrman has a lot of experience analyzing Chinese university structure and government funding

Brookings guest scholar from Brown University.

• In analysis of 1980s government philosophy & action, 2 beliefs:

  • Decline in value of student aid

    • Total amount of aid AND average award amounts for Pell grants and Guaranteed Student Loans (GSL)

  • Shift in emphasis from grants to loans

• 1940s, 1950s, 1960s grants/loans were helpful

• From ASU

May be biased because it is a loan company

• Still in a position of expertise, so is credible

• Gives overview of legislative actions from 1944 onwards regarding education debt

• Gives tips for current adolescents in college funding planning

• National Student Loan Debt doubled from 2010-2019

• Recent Political Proposals may offer potential solutions

  • Increase Pell Grants, make public schools tuition-free, invest in Minority Serving Institutions, and adopt alternative income-share agreements.

  • Streamline federal repayment plans, improve loan forgiveness programs, cancel debt, ease limits on discharging education debt in bankruptcy, and consider fully privatizing the student loan industry.

Author Curtis Marez is Professor in the Ethnic Studies Department at UCSD

• Author of “Drug Wars: The Political Economy of Narcotics”, “Farm Worker Futurism: Speculative Technologies of Resistance”

• Federal student debt exceeding $1t is a dominating force that influences not only the financial aspects of education but also its pedagogical dimensions.

• Historical mass protests against budget cuts and increased tuition

  • 2010 UCSD “Compton Cookout”

• Student debt creates a hierarchy of value within contemporary universities, categorizing some groups as “failed”.

Green: Economic (1, 6, 9)

Blue: Political (2, 5, 7, 10)

Purple: Social (4, 8, 3)

*Sources are ordered alphabetically by citation's first letter [citations can be found on research log]

Sharon A. Frank is a doctoral candidate in Educational Leadership at the University of North Florida. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in psychology from Capital University and a Master’s degree in community counseling from Xavier University

• Student debt influences career choices, consumer decisions, and the economy.

• High monthly payments lead graduates to favor lucrative private sector jobs over public service careers, affecting critical positions in fields like education.

• The substantial debt burden delays major purchases, reducing consumer spending and impacting economic growth.

• Discharging student loans through bankruptcy is difficult, limiting the "fresh start" typically associated with bankruptcy.

• The societal implications include chronically postponed life decisions, like marriage and starting a family.

Sources 1 and 9 also bring in a slight political perspective onto the already existing economic view.

The economic view ties together the social and the political perspective, so I will likely have this as my middle paragraph to effectively transition between the social and political perspectives.

Source #5 and #10 point towards flaws in the political system, both suggesting that privatization of student loans is more helpful.