This was the first treaty signed that would help establish Western Canada between the Anishinabek and Swampy Cree of Southern Manitoba and Canada. For the Indigenous people, what the Crown had promised was very pleasing. Each group was to receive a large enough land area to give 160 acres to each family, as well as each man, woman, and child would be given a one time payment of three dollars which would be a yearly payment of fifteen dollars all together. This treaty also protected education rights as the government promised to maintain schools on each reserve.

Treaty two was signed between the Anishinaabe of southern Manitoba and Canada. The written terms were very similar to those of Treaty One in regards to gratuities, reserve schools, and prohibition of liquor sales. As well each group would receive a large enough reserve to provide each family with 160 acres of land. This type of treaty would allow the Indigenous people to live together and share their own traditional lands amongst themselves as well as reaffirm their rights as Anishinaabe people prior to European contact.

This treaty was signed between some Saulteaux people and the Government of Canada. Under the terms of Treaty Three, the government promised to set aside reserves for the Saulteaux people. They also promised many monetary awards including a one-time cash payment of twelve dollars per family of five, and five dollars annually per person. Lastly, the government agreed to provide funding for the purchase of farm equipment and other tools. These terms would have been very appealing to the Saulteaux as it would bring their people together and give them a greater opportunity to further their own lives on their own.

This treaty was signed between the Cree and Saulteaux and Queen Victoria which now represents most of present day southern Saskatchewan. Many of these terms were similar to Treaty Three, however had a few minor differences. Each person was to receive an annual payment of five dollars and a gift of clothing. Chiefs would receive 25 dollars annually plus a one-time 25 dollar payment, a coat, and a silver medal. Every three years, Chiefs and/or band leaders would receive new clothing. Each family of five would receive 640 acres (or one square mile) of land that they could sell back to the government if they pleased. In addition to all of those terms, Treaty Four provided for farming tools, ammunition, reserves, and schools, as well as guaranteed Indigenous rights to hunt, fish, and trap on all ceded land (except for the land used for agriculture, forestry, mining or settlement).

Treaty Four seemed to have set the Indigenous people up for a good life, providing many things that would benefit them greatly.

This treaty was signed between the Canadian government, Ojibwe peoples and the Swampy Cree of Lake Winnipeg. In this treaty, the Indigenous gave up title to their land in exchange for reserve land where they could hunt, fish, and trap. The government retained rights to the land to use for public works as long as they upheld the treaty. The Indigenous were promised reserve schools, controlled liquor traffic on the reserves as well as give out annual payments. Five dollars per person, fifteen per band leader, and twenty-five per chief, plus additional gifts were provided. To the Indigenous people, this treaty would have provided many upgrades and benefits to their traditional lifestyles.

Treaty Six was signed between the Crown and Cree, Assiniboine, and Ojibwe leaders. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land, Treaty 6 provided an annual cash payment of twenty-five dollars per chief, fifteen per headman, and five for all other people. As well as a one-time cash payment of twelve dollars for each band member. Schools were established on reserves and each family of five was given about one square mile of land on the reserve. This treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1500 per year and many provisions. For the first three years following the treaty signing, Indigenous farmers were entitled to $1000 in supplies. Finally, Indigenous peoples kept their right to hunt, fish, and trap on reserve land. This was a very pleasing treaty for those Indigenous groups as they were promised to many things to grow their agriculture business and retrain their traditional ways of life.

Treaty Seven was signed between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations. Each Indigenous family of five received one square mile of land on the reserve. A payment of $12 was given to every man, woman and child immediately following the signing. Annual payments to every chief, every minor chief or councillor and all others were promised as well. Chiefs would receive a Winchester rifle, while the head cheifs and Stoney chiefs would receive a medal and flag to honor the treaty. The government also agreed to play the salaries to teachers on reserves as well as give out $2000 worth of ammunition each year. Lastly, each family was given cattle proportional to the size of the family and chiefs were promised one bull each for the use of their band. The Indigenous people would have been pleased hearing all these terms as no one had been promised a salary before or cattle for the survival of their people.

This treaty was signed by the Crown and the First Nations people of the Lesser Slave Lake area. This treaty covers a great area of northern Alberta, northwest Saskatchewan, and parts of Northwest Territories and BC. Treaty 8 provided reserve land, annuities and other promises in the exchange for the surrender of the land. The written terms included the continued right to hunt, trap and fish under certain regulations. It excluded areas that could have been needed for settlement, mining, lumbering, trading, etc. Salaries for teachers to teach the children were included in this treaty. Plus livestock and agriculture implements for groups interested in using the land for crop growth or gardening. This treaty provided many needs to the Indigenous people that they may not have had prior, which would make this negotiation enticing to them.

This treaty was signed between the Crown and the Cree and Anishinaabe in the Ontario area. This treaty covers most of present day Ontario. The Indigenous were required to "cede, release, surrender and yield up... their rights, titles and privileges" to both lands and resources within the treaty limits. Annuities were set at $4 for each person and each Chief received a Union Jack Flag and cop of the treaty. This treaty also promised to provide for the salaries of teachers, the building costs and educational equipment. Reserve land was secured proportionally based on one square mile per family of five and traditional activities such as hunting, fishing and trapping could continue as long as federal regulations were followed. Similar to the past treaties, for the Indigenous people in the area this would have been a great opportunity to sign as they were promised many things.

Signed between the government and Indigenous people of northern Saskatchewan and Alberta. Reserve land was again proportionally distributed based on family size, with more or less area given based on the number of people in the family. Those who chose to live apart, were given 160 acres per person. Rights to hunt fish and trap were allowed as long as the land wasn't needed for things like mining or settlement. Assistance with education and agriculture was offered from the government but in lesser clear terms. As well like the other treaties, the government offered money - initially $32 per chief (and medals, flags and suits of clothing), $22 per headman and $12 per individual, plus a small amount every year following.

Signed between First Nations and the government following Confederation as the country expanded its borders. It covers what is now present day Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Treaty 11 provided money, supplies, reserves and other promises in exchange for the traditional Indigenous land. Reserves were created based on area per family like the rest of the treaties and the government could take parts of the reserves for new public works like roads as long as it was compensated for. Rights were given to hunt, fish, and trap, subject to government regulation. Once reserves were selected, each group would receive 10 axes, 5 handsaws, 5 augers and 1 grindstone and files and whetstones to keep the equipment sharp. Each family would get $50 worth of hunting supplies and $3 worth of twine, ammunition or other needed supplies. One-time payments were given - $32 to Chiefs, $22 to each headman and $12 to everyone else. Each year following everyone would receive more payment, just slightly less. For education, the government agreed “to pay the salaries of teachers to instruct the children of said Indians in such manner as His Majesty’s government may deem advisable.” This treaty took place in a new area of the country at the time, so for the Indigenous people it looked like a brighter, wealthier future would be coming. Everything promised would brighten their lives, or so they would have thought.

Canada had to fight in the first battle where gas was used as a weapon by the Germans.

As many Canadian men expected to be home by Christmas, no one expected to have had a battle of such intensity and loss.