https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43 Made with wonder en-us 2018-02-14 16:44:52 UTC 2025-10-07 10:49:31 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Hotsun.png jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/231585030 In DNA you only need one strand of the two to transcribe mRNA.  The strand that is copied is called the template strand because it is the one being used as a template.  First, the RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and moves downstream to the terminator.  During elongation, RNA polymerase "walks" along one strand of DNA, known as the template strand, in the 3' to 5' direction. For each nucleotide in the template, RNA polymerase adds a complementary RNA nucleotide to the 3' end of the RNA strand.  It forms an open complex and polymerizes the RNA Nucleotides from Nucleotide Triphosphates to make mRNA.  It Synthesizes the mRNA based on its sequence.  Then the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator which terminates the transcription and releases and you are left with the completed RNA transcript.]]> 2018-02-14 16:45:33 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/231585030 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/231585120 In this stage, the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids.  In a mRNA, the instructions for building a polypeptide are RNA nucleotides (A, U, C, and G) read in groups of three. These groups of three are called codons.  Altogether, this collection of codon-amino acid relationships is called the genetic code, because it lets cells “decode” a mRNA into a chain of amino acids.  Two types of molecules with key roles in translation are tRNAs and ribosomes. Transfer RNAs, or tRNAs, are molecular "bridges" that connect mRNA codons to the amino acids they encode. One end of each tRNA has a sequence of three nucleotides called an anticodon, which can bind to specific mRNA codons. The other end of the tRNA carries the amino acid specified by the codons.  Ribosomes are the structures where polypeptides proteins are built. There are three sites on a ribosome. Ribosomes are made up of protein and RNA. Each ribosome has two subunits, a large one and a small one, which comes together around a mRNA. This the first step happening outside of the nucleus.  This is because it is strong enough to fight off enzymes now.]]> 2018-02-14 16:45:40 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/231585120 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/231585182 RNA Modification is where primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA. The RNA is made up of nucleotides called Introns and Exons.  The modification starts when the 5' Cap and the 3' Poly A Tail are added on each end, this process is known as mRNA capping.  During transcription, the entire gene is copied into a pre-mRNA, which includes the exons and introns. During the process of RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons joined to form a contiguous coding sequence.  The importance of splicing is to get rid of introns and so that a single primary transcript can be used in different mRNA's which means you can get different proteins. This happens by duplicating, losing, or reshuffling the exons.]]> 2018-02-14 16:45:46 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/231585182 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233111525 The promoter is commonly called the TATA box.  A TATA box is a DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. It is a type of promoter sequence, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins. The TATA box is named for its conserved DNA sequence, which is most commonly TATAAA. Many eukaryotic genes have a conserved TATA box located 25-35 base pairs before the transcription start site of a gene. The TATA box is able to define the direction of transcription and also indicates the DNA strand to be read. Proteins called transcription factors can bind to the TATA box and recruit an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which synthesizes RNA from DNA.  Then the terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription.]]> 2018-02-20 02:34:14 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233111525 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116109 Messenger RNA is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome]]> 2018-02-20 03:12:52 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116109 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116172 a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms and many viruses]]> 2018-02-20 03:13:39 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116172 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116337 combine or cause to combine to form a polymer.]]> 2018-02-20 03:15:02 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116337 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116418 they three parts: 1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C) or uracil(U).]]> 2018-02-20 03:15:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116418 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116776 A nucleoside triphosphate is a molecule containing a nitrogenous base bound to a 5-carbon sugar, with three phosphate groups bound to the sugar]]> 2018-02-20 03:19:28 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116776 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116960 2018-02-20 03:21:31 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233116960 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233132975 Exons code for proteins, whereas introns do not.]]> 2018-02-20 05:44:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233132975 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233133101 Involves five snurps (snRNAs) and their associated proteins. These ribonucleoproteins form a large complex, called spliceosome. Then, after a two-step enzymatic reaction, the intron is removed and two neighboring exons are joined together ]]> 2018-02-20 05:45:40 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233133101 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233140994 The 5' cap is used as a recognition signal for ribosomes to bind to the mRNA. At the 3' end, a poly(A) tail of 150 or more adenine nucleotides is added.]]> 2018-02-20 06:55:36 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233140994 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233144274 2018-02-20 07:19:41 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233144274 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233145216 There are 61 codons for amino acids, and each of them is "read" to specify a certain amino acid out of the 20 commonly found in proteins. One codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine and also acts as a start codon to signal the start of protein construction.  There are three more codons that do not specify amino acids. These stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, tell the cell when a polypeptide is complete. ]]> 2018-02-20 07:24:52 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233145216 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233146498 Long chain of polypeptides]]> 2018-02-20 07:31:49 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233146498 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233148653 Organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid.]]> 2018-02-20 07:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233148653 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233148674 The A site is the point of entry for the aminoacyl tRNA (except for the first aminoacyl tRNA, which enters at the P site). The P site is where the peptidyl tRNA is formed in the ribosome. And the E site which is the exit site of the now uncharged tRNA after it gives its amino acid to the growing peptide chain.]]> 2018-02-20 07:43:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233148674 jm21123 https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233149430 2018-02-20 07:46:22 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/gf8f9gfuvs43/wish/233149430