https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35 en-us 2022-04-24 16:41:10 UTC 2026-02-01 10:43:54 UTC hello@padlet.com oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155407127 Bioethics is the study of the interface between human values and technological advances in health and life sciences. Euthanasia, the practice of ending life for reasons of mercy. This has become a very controversial topic because it is the determination if an individual's life should continue or end. Physician-assisted suicide, when physician provide dying patients with a fatal dose of medication that the patient self-administers, this has been favored in countries because it allows the individual the choice to die by assisted suicide if they were ever diagnosed with a terminal disease. 
In the United States, only a few states have made physician-assisted suicide legal. ]]> 2022-04-24 17:19:46 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155407127 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155409831 Even though death can be a cross-cultural experience, each culture views death differently. Some cultures believe the life force leaves the body during sleep or illness or involves reaching a certain age. While other cultures view death as a transition to a different type of existence that still allows interaction with the living. Mourning rituals, grief, and bereavement are also different among cultures. 
For hundreds of years, clinical death (the lack of heartbeat and respiration) has been used to define death. Whereas today, whole brain death is most commonly used to determine if someone has died. ]]> 2022-04-24 17:24:38 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155409831 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155416889 In most countries, people don't begin to think about their own death till their midlife when they lose their parents or close loved ones. Research shows that at this point, after their parents die, the individual realizes they're the next to die. Older adults are less worried about their death because they're more accepting of it than any other age group. 
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's describes individual's five reactions to their own upcoming death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The order is often seen in the same order given by Kübler-Ross, but the order can be overlapped or out of order depending on the person. ]]> 2022-04-24 17:35:43 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155416889 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155426106 Death anxiety refers to people's anxiety or even fear of death and dying. Researchers have found that death anxiety is a complex, multidimensional construct. Terror management theory addresses the issue of why people engage in certain behaviors to achieve particular psychological states based on their deeply rooted concerns about morality. It is believed that older adults present a threat to younger adults because they show that death is going to happen, and no one can avoid it. Death anxiety's components include pain, body malfunction, humiliation, rejection, nonbeing, punishment, interruption of goals, being destroyed, and negative impact on survivors. Dealing with death anxiety includes living life to the fullest, enjoying what one has, and learning more about death. ]]> 2022-04-24 17:47:33 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155426106 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155436920 Older adults feel the need to talk about end-of-life issues: management of the final phase of life, after-death disposition of their body, memorial service, and distribution of assets. These conversations are not easy to have with family because death is a hard topic to discuss, but it is beneficial to have everything planned before the death occurs. The final days, week, and months of life provide opportunities for family members to affirm love, reconnect, and provide peace before the loved one dies. ]]> 2022-04-24 18:05:28 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155436920 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155441413 Most older adults would rather die in the comfort of their homes among family and friends instead of a hospital. Although, sometimes going to a hospital or nursing home is the only option because of the individual's lack of support. Hospice is defined as an approach to assist dying people emphasizing pain management, or palliative care, and death with dignity. Hospice can create a higher quality of life among older adults because they're able to feel comfortable and at peace. They don't have to worry about stressing loved ones or feeling like they're asking too much from family. Research consistently shows significant improvements in clients' quality of life occur after hospice placement or beginning palliative care. ]]> 2022-04-24 18:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155441413 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155450562 In most jurisdictions, ending life through such means as euthanasia or assisted suicide is legal only when a person has made known his or her wishes concerning medical or other intervention. Unfortunately, most older adults fail to make their wishes known before death. A living will is when a person simply states his or her wishes about life support and other treatments. Healthcare power of attorney is when an individual appoints someone to act as his or her agent for healthcare decisions. Without a living will or a healthcare attorney, death by euthanasia or assisted suicide can have ethical issues. Older adults can get a do not resuscitate order which means cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not started should one's heart and breathing stop. With each of these, the individual has to be competent enough to make the decisions. The Patient Self-Determination Act requires most healthcare facilities to provide information to patients in writing that they have certain rights. ]]> 2022-04-24 18:30:18 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155450562 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155452555 Bereavement is the state or condition caused by loss through death.
Grief is the sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feelings that arise through suffering a loss. 
Mourning concerns the ways we express our grief.  ]]> 2022-04-24 18:34:04 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155452555 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155455997 The grief process does not have a specific set of stages one goes through, each person experiences it differently. Through grief, the individual must acknowledge the reality of the loss, work through the emotional turmoil, adjust to the environment where the deceased is absent, and loosen ties to the deceased. Grief is described as an active process that doesn't have a specific end date. There are risk factors that make bereavement more difficult: mode of death, personal factors, and interpersonal context. When a death is anticipated, people may go through anticipatory grief. This stage of grief is before the death that supposedly serves to buffer the impact of the loss when it does come. ]]> 2022-04-24 18:39:27 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155455997 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155475826 Grief work is described as the psychological side of coming to terms with bereavement. With every death, no matter the situation, people need time to grieve. In American societies, people report feeling like they should move on from the loss quickly, especially if the loss is not a spouse or child. Grief, along with death, differ between cultures. Three integrative approaches have been proposed specific to the grief process: the four-component model, the dual process model of coping with bereavement, and the model of adaptive grieving dynamics. ]]> 2022-04-24 19:13:59 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155475826 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155478403 Ambiguous loss refers to situations of loss in which there is no resolution or closure. The first type of ambiguous loss refers to a missing person who is physically absent but still very present psychologically to family and friends. The second type involves a loved one who is psychologically absent but who is still physically present. With both types, if certainty is not reached closure is not possible. ]]> 2022-04-24 19:18:53 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155478403 oakleyscronce1 https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155482354 Complicated grief is characterized by persistent and intrusive feelings of grief lasting beyond the expected period of adaptation to loss. 

Young adults tend to have more intense feelings towards death because of their place in life. They are starting to plan their life, so death affects them deeper. Death of a spouse in younger adulthood is very difficult because they are not only dealing with their own grief but their children's as well. Death of a child brings parents and family members extreme amounts of grief because children aren't supposed to die before their parents. This shift in deaths cause parents to be shaken to their core. ]]> 2022-04-24 19:25:18 UTC https://padlet.com/oakleyscronce1/geucreu9moz4pk35/wish/2155482354