https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us en-us 2019-05-07 14:51:17 UTC 2024-07-29 13:18:37 UTC hello@padlet.com realej11677 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358084477 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. ]]> 2019-05-08 14:58:42 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358084477 heargu03655 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358501733 In 1976, the Supreme Court issued another landmark decision in Runyon v. McCrary, ruling that even private, nonsectarian schools that denied admission to students on the basis of race violated federal civil rights laws.]]> 2019-05-09 14:40:58 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358501733 heargu03655 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358503220 The Argument was necessary because the Court desired briefs from both sides that would answer five questions, all having to do with the attorneys' opinions on whether or not Congress had segregation in public schools in mind when the 14th amendment was ratified.

]]> 2019-05-09 14:43:21 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358503220 rironq04204 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358505480 The Declaration of Independence stated that "All men are created equal," due to the institution of slavery, this statement was not to be grounded in law in the United States until after the Civil War (and, arguably, not completely fulfilled for many years thereafter). ]]> 2019-05-09 14:47:18 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358505480 rironq04204 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358506937 Despite the Supreme Court's ruling and similar cases, many people continued to press for Jim Crow and other racially unfair laws. One particular organization that fought for racial equality was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded in 1909. ]]> 2019-05-09 14:49:59 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358506937 emclav04245 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358514122 2019-05-09 15:02:29 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358514122 emclav04245 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358516987 2019-05-09 15:07:54 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358516987 emclav04245 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358517796 But by the early 1950s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was working hard to challenge segregation laws in public schools, and had filed lawsuits on behalf of plaintiffs in states such as South Carolina, Virginia and Delaware.]]> 2019-05-09 15:09:23 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358517796 realej11677 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358518068 Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.]]> 2019-05-09 15:09:51 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358518068 rironq04204 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358901455 2019-05-10 14:43:13 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358901455 realej11677 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358907310 2019-05-10 14:56:09 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/358907310 heargu03655 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359510248 2019-05-13 14:51:30 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359510248 heargu03655 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359510941 The justices were divided
in the beginning of the ruling. The justices were divided because Justice Fred M. Vinson wanted to hold the Plessy verdict intact which was to keep schools separate. Blacks going to all black schools, and whites going to all whites schools. In September 1953 before Brown v Board of Education could be heard, Justice Vinson died. So President Dwight D. Eisenhower replace him with Earl Warren at the time he was governor of California.

]]> 2019-05-13 14:52:49 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359510941 realej11677 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359523065 2019-05-13 15:16:29 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359523065 heargu03655 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359942860  Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and they would never be equal. The federal district court dismissed his claim, ruling that the segregated public schools were "substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy doctrine. Brown appealed to the Supreme Court, which consolidated and then reviewed all the school segregation actions together. ]]> 2019-05-14 15:02:40 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359942860 emclav04245 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359946221 So when Brown's case and four other cases that were related went before the Supreme Court in 1952. The courts decided to combine the similiar cases and put them all under Brown's case. This is why it is known as Brown v. The Board of Education. Lead by Thurgood Marshall, he was the head of the NAACP Legal Defense team. He was the chief attorney for the plaintiffs. Later President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court and he became the 1st Black Supreme Court Justice in 1967.]]> 2019-05-14 15:08:52 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/359946221 emclav04245 https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/360375093 2019-05-15 14:52:07 UTC https://padlet.com/realej11677/geu9z6h342us/wish/360375093