Ecosystem: combination of structure and system.

Species diversity --> High diversity makes it more resilient.

Horizontal/vertical layers: different structures for different agricultures.

Resistance: not much damage after a fire.

Resilience: a forest growing back after a fire, bounce back after a disturbance.

Dynamic equilibrium: how ecosystems survive.

Large scale agriculture systems depend highly on human input.

Implication to sustainability: agroecology, dont micro manage the systems.

Radiation --> only a portion of sunlight actually participates in photosyntheses --> latitude affects how much radiation the plants get.

Heat and temperature: there is a basic temperature that plants need to function properly.

Agroecology: a way to mitigate the risks and not kill all crops in a season if something fails.

Photoseason: latitude and season.

Climate origin shapes the phototendencies of plants --> cant change much from their origins.

Plants need the water from the soil to cool off and realize photosyntheses --> but need healthy soil otherwise it will become runoff and go to waste.

Need to take care of every part of the system and every part is different.

Climate change is affecting everything, so need to be extra careful in the system.

Perennial crops --> need less maintenance, human intervention, produce less carbon and are more resilient to climate change.

Genetic modification --> right approach for the problem? --> not fix everything and need more research and funding.

Structural properties of diversity

Ecosystem are in constant flux » birth, deaths

2nd readings

radiation and photosynthe

Plants run on sunlight →its complex as it depends on multiple factors

If you hit heat waves the plants will fall out of sync

We must focus on managing the whole balance of the system.

3rd Reading

The perennial option is better as they have longer roots and have 54x less erosions then most crops

• Provide less water loss

• More resilient in global warming

Critiques

• perennials will not fix everything

• It’s impossible culturally and economically cause farmers will have to move to a new crop system and cycle!

, - ecosystems are constantly in flux:

Agroecology introduction

2nd reading → core idea = crops are tied to their environment & climate change has significant, impacts on their survival.

• crop performance → light for photosynthesis1 design constraint

• Photoperiod = combination of latitude & light availability [hard biological clocks ]

• Every plant species & crop is dependent to their environment

3rd reading-importance of perennial crops

• ability to lower fuel & carbon inputs → hybrid modification or