Western Europe - Yellow

Eastern Europe/Middle East - Red

Asia -  Blue

Africa - Green

Americas - Purple

• During this period, religion plays a significant role in history and the connections of regions.

• Islam was created and spread to Africa and India.

• Christianity starts to play a larger role in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.

• Islam and Christianity religions clash with each other, connecting and affecting the regions.

• Mongols were taking over Eurasia, killing and devastating many regions

• States were being built in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

• The strengthening of states in Europe led to their conquests of America and Africa.

• The world has become more connected.

• European conquest of the Americas led to a larger world economy.

• Europeans needed labor in order to profit from America

• Colonizers used the labor of Native Americans and African slaves; the slave trade grew.

• The age of discovery and reason began, especially in Europe.

722 AD - Start of Spanish Reconquista

732 CE - Battle of Tours

800 CE - Coronation of Charlemagne 

988 CE - Christianization of Kievan Ruus

1054 CE - East-West Schism aka The Great Schism

1066 CE - First crusades began; Pope Urban’s call to action

1099 - Henry II becomes King of England; reforms common law system

1189 - King Richard I reclaims Jerusalem; Third Crusade

100,000 BC - Speech gene development

25,000 BC - Landbridge to Alaska, Americas

12,000 BC - Ending of the Old stone age / Paleolithic age

Hunters and gatherers, stone tools

10,000 BC - Homo sapiens reached most of the world except islands like Oceania

Population of 10 million

8,000-5,000 BC - New Stone Age / Neolithic age

Agriculture, domestication

8,500 - 3,500 BC - Neolithic revolution

Development of agriculture
3,500 BC - Mesopotamia

570-632 - Life of Muhammad

~300 - Ethiopia adopts Christianity

~580 - Nubia converts to Christianity

600-700 - Islam spreads across North Africa
1000 - Ghana at the height of its power

3300-1300 BC - Indus River Valley Civilization

2100-1600 BC - Yellow River Valley Civilization

500 BC - Work of Confucius in China and Buddha in India

~100 BC - China conquers Vietnam

206-220 - Han Dynasty

~350 - Korea establishes tributary relationship with China

600-800 - Umayyad Dynasty

~600  - Islam is introduced to India

750 - Abbasids overthrow Umayyads, Abbasid Caliphate begins

~900 - Vietnam gains independence

945 - Persian Buyids capture Baghdad

960 - Song Dynasty begins

1096 - First Christian Crusade in Palestine

1180-1185 - Genpei War

1215 - The Magna Carta is signed in England

1291 - Fall of Acre; end of Crusades

1304-1374 - Life of Francesco Petrarch

1337 - Beginning of Hundred Years’ War; b/t France and England 

1347 -  Black Death (Bubonic Plague) enters Europe; ports Sicily, Italy

1351 - Black Death fades away in Europe; though effects remain 

~1300 - Beginning of Renaissance; Florence Italy 

1418 - Henry the Navigator establishes Sagres

1453 - End of 100 Years War; France victorious  

1492 - Granada falls to Christians

~1200 - Japanese emerge

1206 - Chinggis Khan elected as Mongol khagan

Delhi Sultanate established

1211 - Mongol invasions of China begin

1243 - Mongols defeat Seljuk Turks

1258 - Baghdad falls, Abbasid Caliphate falls

1260 - Kubilai Khan elected

Mamluks defeated Mongols

1271 - Yuan Dynasty established

1274 / 1281 - Mongol invasions of Japan

1279 - Song Dynasty defeated by Kubilai Khan

1290s - Islam begins spreading in Southeast Asia

1290s - Introduction of guns to China

1340 - Black Plague in Middle East

1368 - Ming Dynasty established

1405 - Zheng He voyages begin

1433 - China ends expedition
1453 - Ottomans capture Constantinople

1200 - Bantu migrants establish Great Zimbabwe

1300 - Mali empire at its height

1324 - Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa

1400 - Swahili coast of East Africa flourishes

Oyo empire (Yoruba) established

1415 - Portuguese capture Morocco; beginning of European expansion into Africa
1441 - First shipment of African slaves; from Africa to Portugal

1250 - Invention of chinampas

1350 - Incas established in Cusco area

1434 - Triple alliance between Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan, and Texcoco created

1438 - Pachacuti rule & expansion begins

1440 - Moctezuma I rule begins
1502-1520 - Moctezuma II

1492 - Christopher Columbus’ first voyage to the Americas

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas; b/t Spain and Portugal; divides new world b/t both

1500-1600 - Commercial Revolution

1503 - Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa

1517 - The beginning of Protestant Reformation

1519-22 - Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the world; first to do so

~1520s - Spread of Humanism: influences Renaissance art in Western Europe

1534 - Anglican church established

1543 - Copernicus publishes his heliocentric model of the galaxy

1564 - Birth of William Shakespeare; Renaissance literature 

1588 - English Navy defeats Spanish Armada

1598 - Edict of Nantes

1600 - Scientific revolution begins

1618-1648 - Thirty Years’ War, Treaty of Westphalia

1642-1649 - English Civil War

1643 - Louis XIV reign begins

1688-1690 - Glorious Revolution, parliamentary monarchy established

1700s - Enlightenment

1787 - Bourbon Reforms begin
1789 - French Revolution

1453 - Ottomans conquer Constantinople under Mehmed II

1462-1584 Russia is freed from Tatars

1501-1510 - Safavid conquest of Persia

1514 - Ottomans defeat Safavids at Chaldiran

1520-1566 - Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent

1526 - Babur’s first invasion of India

1530-1584 - Ivan the Terrible

1540-1545 - Humayan exile from India to Safavid Empire

1552-1556 - Russian expansion in Central Asia, Western Siberia

1571 - Ottomans defeated in Battle of Lepanto 

1571-1629 - Reign of Abbas the Great

1604-1613 - Time of Troubles

1649 - Serf Hereditary Act

1670 - Serf Revolt under Stepan Razin

1672-1724 - Peter the Great

1729-1796 - Catherine the Great

1740 - Reign of Frederick the Great begins

1767 - The Instruction of Catherine the Great 

1773-1775 - Pugachev’s Rebellion

1772, 1793, 1795  - Partition of Poland
1785 - Harsher punishments on serfs by landlords

1562 - British begin slave trade

1597 - Japan isolationist policy
1744 - French-British wars in India

1481 - Portuguese fort established at El Mina (Ghana)

1491 - Kongo king converts to Christianity

1500 - Songhay empire flourishes

Benin at height of power

1562 - Beginnings of English Slave trade

1570 - Portuguese colony in Angola established 

1591 - Fall of Songhay Empire

1652 - Dutch colony in South Africa
1820-1830 - Mfecane Wars

1513 - Vasco de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama

1519-1542 - Cortes conquest of Mexico

1533-1540 - Pizarro conquers Incas

1545 - Potosi discovered

1563 - Huancavelica established

1607 - First permanent British colony in Virginia

1608 - First French colonies in Canada

1654 - English take Jamaica

1680s - English, French, Dutch Caribbean colonies begin

1695 - Gold discovered in Brazil, Minas Gerais
1790 - Spanish convoy system ends

• Access to water for agriculture

• Fertile land

Key features of these civilizations include

• Writing systems

• Social hierarchy

• Located in Andean highlands

History

• Military campaigns led by Pachacuti & later furthered by Huayna Capac

Religion

• The cult of ancestors was important

• The sun was the highest deity

Technology

• Road systems, tambos (storehouses), bridges

• Stonecutting, agricultural terraces, irrigation techniques

Organization

• State bureaucracy, local rulers, tribute

Kyle Hui

Piper Nguyen

Arnav Prathipati

Rohan Murthi