Padlet activity -VISUAL ANALYSIS-

SCRAMBLE AND SEQUENCE (PEER APPRAISAL)

Students will examine and interpret the visual images and sequence them in order and provide insights into the scientific processes using accurate Scientific terminologies

Annealing - attachment of rna primer

Extension - DNA is replicated by thermostable enzyme Taq polymerase

Step 2: annealing- the primers are attached

Step 3: extension - DNA is replicated by taq polymerase

1. Denaturation: at high temperature to break the H bonds between DNA strands

2. Annealing: Attaching the primers

3. Extension : replication using Taq polymerase and DNA template

Annealing : Temprature is lowered to 50-65 degree Celsius and Primers are added to begin replication procedure

Extension: Temprature is increased to 72 degree celsius and Taq polymerase a heat stable DNA polymerase is added to move forward with replication

step 2: Annealing → primers hybridize to complementary sequences flanking the target region. 

step 3: Extension → thermostable DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands using dNTPs. 

Step 2: Annealing: Primers and nucleotides are added to combine the complementary nitrogen bases

Step 3: Extension: Taq polymerase is used the replicate the DNA

Annealing: The annealing process in PCR is crucial for primer binding to the target DNA, typically occurring at temperatures between 50°C to 68°C, allowing for successful DNA amplification.

Extension: Taq polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the primers end.

Annealing – Cool (55°C) so primers bind to their complementary target sequences.

Extension – heat stable DNA polymerase from thermus aquaticus, adds dNTPs to the primers and synthesizes the new complementary DNA strands.

1. Denaturation (95°C): Heat splits the double-stranded DNA into single strands.

2. Annealing (50–65°C): Short DNA fragments called primers bind to target sequences on the single strands.

3. Extension (72°C): A heat resistant DNA polymerase extends from the primers, building new DNA strands using free nucleotides.

1. Denaturation: heating at high temperature to unwind the helical DNA

2. Annealing: attaching primers

3. Extension: extension of DNA using Taq polymerase

(Unwinding of DNA Helix)

Step 2: Primer Annealing

(Attaching Primers at the 3' end)

Step 3: Extension

(DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands)

1) Denaturing - dsDNA ===> ssDNA (95C)

2) Annealing - Primers are attached to ssDna

3) Extension - TAC polymerase is used to continue DNA replication

1. Denaturation- At high temperature, the helical structure of DNA is unwound.

2. Annealing- The primers that are created are then attached.

3. Extension- using polymerase extracted from Taq, the sequence is extended.

1.Denaturation:- the double stranded DNA is seperated into single strands.

2.Annealing:- Primers initiate the replication process

3.Extension:-new strands are synthesised using TAQ polymerase

In denaturation,

The double stranded dna template is heated to 95°C which causes the hydrogen bonds to break separating it into single strands

In annealing,

The temperature is lowered to 55°C where primers are bound to their complementary sequences

In extension,

Temperature is raised to optimal working temperature of taq polymerase which is around 70°C which binds to primers and synthesis of complementary strands by adding nucleotides.

1) Denaturation: The denaturation process is carried out at a high temperature to separate the two strands of the DNA in order to make it viable for the process of replication through which amplification is done

2) Annealing: This is the process where primers are added to the strands of DNA in order to signal the start of the replication process, primers hybridize to complementary sequences to flank the target region

3) Extension: During this process nucleotides are added to new strand of DNA from the start of the target region by DNA dependent DNA polymerases derived from the bacteria Thermus aquaticus which is a heat resistant enzyme

1. Denaturation:

   • The DNA helical structure is unwound and the two strands are separated at 90 degrees Celsius.

2. Annealing:

   • A small sequence of the DNA acts as a a starting point when a primer is attached.

3. Extension:

   • The DNA dependant DNA polymerase derived from Thermus aquaticus extends the new strands when the original DNA acts as a template strand.

1. Denaturation - Unwinding of DNA

2. Annealing - Beginning the replication process 3. Extension - Replicating using taq polymerase

Annealing: Primers, DNA dependent DNA polymerase and dNTPs are added for new strand formation.

Extension: DNA dependent DNA polymerase extends each strand, creating 2 copies of dsDNA

Denaturation: the DNA is unwinded or separated into single strands by using temperature around 95 to 96°C

Annealing: primers are attached (temp: 55°C)

Extension: taq polymerase is added (temp: 72°C), nucleotides are added.

• Summarization through discussion andpresentation of the work done by different groups(2 in one period ) thereby benefiting the entireclass. ​

• Using 3-2-1 exit ticket students will document 3new learning- 2 new vocabulary – 1 question thestudent may have.​

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