History of Inequity and Race in Education (Connecticut) by https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu And greater context in the United States en-us 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC 2026-02-03 16:39:59 UTC hello@padlet.com 1940 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528481 During the 1940s, Orange County, CA schools used this chart to enroll students.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528481 1942 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528482 This 1942 sign details the places where people of Japanese descent were allowed to live.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528482 1946 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528485 In 1946, the National School Lunch Act created the modern school lunch program, though USDA had provided funds and food to schools for many years prior to 1946.bout 7.1 million children were participating in the National School Lunch Program by the end of its first year, 1946‐47.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528485 1946 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528488 The 1946 ruling of Melendez v. Westminster gives Mexican students in California equal rights to education.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528488 1956 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528497 In response to a suit brought by the NAACP on behalf of three black high school students, the Mansfield school district  was the first in Texas ordered by a federal court to desegregate. The school board acquiesced, but white citizens resisted, aided by the complicity of the mayor and chief of police. While some 100 other, mostly West Texas, school districts desegregated quietly that fall, angry mobs of 300 to 400 whites ringed Mansfield High School on August 30 and 31, preventing the enrollment of the three students.​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528497 1957 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528498 The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. ]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528498 1964 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528502 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the 4th Civil Rights Act passed by the US (1866, 1875, 1957)​
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It outlawed public, intentional discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin in government agencies and facilities, public accommodations, education, and employment; established a federal enforcement structure and empowered victims of discrimination to sue and the government to withhold federal funds from violators. 
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528502 1965 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528507 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA 1965)​
  • April 11th, 1965, Presideny Lyndon B. Johnson signed ESEA into law​
  • Congress called ESEA "Johnson's War of Poverty"​
  • Establishes high standards and accountability​
  • Closes gaps between students by providing fair and equal opportunities to achieve an education​
  • Provided funds are for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support education programs, and parental involvement promotion
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528507 1968 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528508 In 1968 Congress passes the Bilingual Education Act, providing the first funding to encourage schools to incorporate native-language education in their curriculum.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528508 1968 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528509 Tinker v. the Des Moines Independent Community School District - The Supreme Court decision that affirmed students’ rights to free expression of speech guaranteed in the First Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth. The famous line from the ruling stated that, “….Students do not shed their right to free speech at the schoolhouse gate.” Des Moines administrators changed their policy of limiting student expression to comply with the court’s ruling.​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528509 1968 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528510 After the integration of Waukegan schools, Edith Smith was elected to the Waukegan Township High School (Illinois) District 119 board in 1968 in one of the school districts that preceded the current consolidated Waukegan School District 60.​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528510 1973 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528513 The Oakland Community School was opened in 1973 and operated by the Black Panther Party in Oakland. The alternative school grew out of No. 5 in the Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Program, which called for educating black and poor people about their true history in the United States.​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528513 1973 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528514 In 1973 Demetrio Rodriguez, pictured here, was the plantiff in the case Rodriguez v. San Antonio. The case, which was eventually brought before the Supreme Court, found that the San Antonio Independent School District was not violating the constitution by relying on property taxes to disproportionately fund their schools.  ​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528514 1974 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528516 In 1974, Milliken v. Bradley clarified the distinction between de jure and de facto segregation, confirming that segregation was allowed if it was not considered an explicit policy of each school district. The Court held that the school systems were not responsible for desegregation across district lines unless it could be shown that they had each deliberately engaged in a policy of segregation.​
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]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528516 1977 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528517 In Penick v. Columbus Board of Education (1977), judge Robert Duncan ruled that the Columbus (Ohio) Board of Education knowingly kept white and black students apart by creating school boundaries that sent black students to predominantly black schools and white students to predominantly white schools, and had failed to use its authority to alleviate existing racial imbalances. ​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528517 1978 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528519 The Indian Child Welfare Act was enacted in 1978 because of the disproportionately high rate of forced removal of Native American children from their traditional homes and essentially from Native American cultures as a whole. ​
It also gave Native American parents the legal right to deny their children’s placement in off-reservation schools and boarding schools. ​
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528519 1982 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528524 In June 1982, the US Supreme Court issued Plyler v. Doe, a landmark decision holding that states cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education on account of their immigration status. By a 5-4 vote, the Court found that any resources which might be saved from excluding undocumented children from public schools were far outweighed by the harms imposed on society at large from denying them an education. ​
This ruling was based on a case from Texas where in 1975, the Texas Legislature authorized local school districts to deny enrollment in public schools to foreign-born children who were not “legally admitted” to the United States.
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528524 1983 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528527 In 1983 the Fort Worth (Texas) School District established the Language Center program for middle and high school immigrant students. ​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528527 1984 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528529 “A Nation at Risk” was published in 1984. President Ronald Reagan developed an education reform program because of the report targeting schools that were deemed failing. The term “at-risk” was then expanded to refer to “failing” students themselves ]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528529 1989 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528531 The West Metro Education Program began as a concept in 1989 when Minneapolis and eight suburban school districts joined in an effort to comply with Minnesota state desegregation rules that were in effect at the time. ​
In the late 1990s, the state Legislature appropriated money to create the inter-district schools offering programs to prompt voluntary desegregation.​
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528531 1990's lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528534 During this decade many districts won release from court ordered desegregation plans.​
A report by the Harvard Civil Rights Project said that while schools in the South still have more integration of African-Americans and whites than before the desegregation movement, they lost ground in the 1990s. ​
And it highlights that segregation of Latinos from non-Hispanic whites in schools is even greater than it is for African-Americans.​
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528534 1991 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528538 In 1991, Oklahoma City v. Dowell decided that a federal desegregation order should be ended even though it meant that schools would become re-segregated since the Oklahoma schools had been arranged into a unitary system.​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528538 1993 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528541 The Robin Hood plan was a media nickname given to legislation enacted by the U.S. state of Texas in 1993 to provide court-mandated equitable school financing for all school districts in the state, in response to the Texas Supreme Court's ruling in Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby. ​
The law "recaptured" property tax revenue from property-wealthy school districts and distributed those in property-poor districts, in an effort to equalize the financing of all school districts throughout Texas.
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528541 1995 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528542 On June 12, 1995 the Court, in a 5-4 decision, overturned a District Court ruling that required the state of Missouri to correct de facto racial inequality in schools by funding salary increases and remedial education programs.​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528542 2000 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528544 Since 2000, 71 predominately white communities  have attempted to secede from their school districts. Of these, 47 communities have been successful at splitting from their districts. ​
States such as Alabama make it easy for a town to create its own district. 
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528544 2002 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528546 In 2002, President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Law that required states to track progress of subgroups including minorities and special education students.​
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]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528546 2009 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528556 Race to the Top was a $4.35 billion United States Department of Education competitive grant created to spur and reward innovation and reforms in state and local district K-12 education.​

]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528556 2009 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528557 The state-led effort to develop the Common Core State Standards was launched in 2009 by state leaders, including governors and state commissioners of education from 48 states.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528557 2012 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528558 Michael Brown attended and graduated from Normandy High School, which is part of the recently renamed Normandy Schools Collaborative. Missouri has long identified Brown’s district in northern St. Louis county as struggling, so much so that the state revoked its accreditation in 2012.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528558 2014 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528561 In January 2014, approximately 40 students at Uintah Elementary School (in Salt Lake City, Utah) had their lunches removed from them and thrown in the trash. According to the school district, the students' lunch accounts were in arrears, and the district's child-nutrition manager visited the school and decided to take away the students' lunches.]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528561 2014 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528562 A national study called Fault Lines put Pennsylvania among the most educationally segregated states in the country, with borders that create wealthy, predominantly white school districts right next door to those that are mostly nonwhite and impoverished.​
For more than two decades, Pennsylvania had no predictable funding formula, allowing inequities to grow. It gave districts the same amount they got the previous year, regardless of enrollment drops or other changes. ​
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528562 2017 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528566 The Southern Poverty Law Center sued Collier County School District (Florida) saying that the system violated several federal and state laws by refusing to enroll immigrant teenagers aged 16 and older in high school, instead sending them to English Language adult education programs that don't teach other subjects or provide them a chance to earn credits toward a high school diploma. ​]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528566 2018 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528568 Some African-American students at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Broward County, Florida say their voices have been ignored by the media and others in the aftermath of the deadly school shooting.​
"I would say that our voices were not intentionally excluded, but they were not intentionally included," said Kai Koerber, a junior. "Now more than ever, it is time to represent the diversity of our school, and the diversity in the world.” 
]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528568 2018 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528570 After a four year battle, the Texas Board of Education will give a final vote on a new Mexican American course for high school students on Friday, April 13, 2018.​
The Texas Education Agency gave preliminary approval for the course on April 11th.​

]]> 2021-03-01 21:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1255528570 1988 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1261317523 The Sheff v. O'Neill case arose in 1988 over the concern that schools in the Hartford area were isolating students through racial segregation and therefore, did not provide an equal and adequate education. This pivotal case, which began in 1988 and moved to the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1996, continues to affect Connecticut's educational system by requiring new plans, still being formulated today, to address racial, ethnic, and economic isolation in Connecticut's schools.]]> 2021-03-03 00:31:33 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1261317523 2019 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1261333347
Hartford schools continue to sharply divide along racial, ethnic and economic lines, with white children at least twice as likely to hit the proficiency benchmark as their black and Hispanic peers.

Since the early 2000s, a series of agreements between the plaintiffs and the State have established nearly 40 inter-district magnet schools and a robust Open Choice program, which allows Hartford students to transfer to suburban schools. Today, over 44% of Hartford students attend a magnet or Open Choice school.

The new agreement lasts until June 2022 and seeks to place 47.5% of Hartford students in integrated schools.
]]> 2021-03-03 00:35:58 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1261333347 2021 lbrown338 https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1273778957 Dr. Miguel Cardona becomes the new Secretary of Education. Cardona was previously a long-time educator in Connecticut, and the first Latinx commissioner of education in Connecticut.]]> 2021-03-05 14:31:41 UTC https://padlet.com/lbrown338/ge2ralbo0702hylu/wish/1273778957