Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen
  All together, there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides.^[1

 Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO₂

Silver sulfide is the sulfide of silver. It is useful as a photosensitizer in photography. 

Silicon Compund : Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO_2. An estimated 95% of silicon dioxide produced is consumed in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of Portland cement. Silica, in the form of sand is used as the main ingredient in sand casting for the manufacture of metallic components in engineering and other applications. The high melting point of silica enables it to be used in such applications. Crystalline silica is used in hydraulic fracturing of formations which contain tight oil and shale gas. In cosmetics, its useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency. Hydrated silica is used in toothpaste as a hard abrasive to remove tooth plaque.  Several industrial and medical applications exist for silane and functionalized silanes. For instance, silanes are used as coupling agents to adhere fibers such as glass fibers and carbon fibers to certain polymer matrices, stabilizing the composite material. In other words, silane coats the glass fibers to create better adhesion to the polymer matrix. They can also be used to couple a bio-inert layer on a titanium implant. Other applications include water repellents, masonry protection, control of graffiti applying polycrystalline silicon layers on silicon wafers when manufacturing semiconductors, and sealants. The semiconductor industry used about 300 metric tons per year of silane in the late 1990s.  Silane is also used in supersonic combustion ramjets to initiate combustion in the compressed air stream.


Nur Azlina Binti Osman
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A mineral is a pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. All of the Earth’s crust, except the rather small proportion of the crust that contains organic material, is made up of minerals. Some minerals consist of a single element such as gold, silver, diamond (carbon), and sulphur.

More than two-thousand minerals have been identified and most of these contain inorganic compounds formed by various combinations of the eight elements (O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, and Mg) that make up 98.5% of the Earth’s crust. Industry depends on about 80 of the known minerals.

A mineral deposit is a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material, in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that its extraction and its conversion into useful materials or items are profitable now or may be so in the future. Mineral resources are non-renewable and include metals (e.g. iron, copper, and aluminum), and non-metals (e.g. salt, gypsum, clay, sand, phosphates).

Minerals are valuable natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They constitute the vital raw materials for many basic industries and are a major resource for development. Management of mineral resources has, therefore, to be closely integrated with the overall strategy of development; and exploitation of minerals is to be guided by long-term national goals and perspectives. 

                Metal oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. Oxide itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O^2– atom.   Most of the Earth's crust consists of solid oxides, the result of elements being oxidized by the oxygen in air or in water. Hydrocarbon combustion affords the two principal carbon oxides: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.  For example, aluminium foil develops a thin skin of Al₂O₃ (called a passivation layer) that protects the foil from further corrosion.
                 Metal carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–)₂. For example calcium carbonate CaCO3, calcium-magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 and iron carbonate FeCO3.
                 Metal sulphite is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S²⁻ or a compound containing one or more S²⁻ ions. As it is classified as a strong base, even dilute solutions of salts such as sodium sulfide (Na₂S) are corrosive and can attack the skin. Sulfide is the simplest sulfur anion.
Silicon compound is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.  It is rather unreactive, though less so than germanium, and has a very large chemical affinity for oxygen; as such, it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.  Examples include sand, quartz, clays, flint, amethyst, opal, mica, feldspar, garnet, tourmaline, asbestos, talc, zircon, emerald, and aquamarine.

     Metal Oxide is the most abundant materials in the Earth's crust and are ingredients in traditional ceramics. It  also is to use conduction band energy levels to delineate their toxicological potential at cellular and whole animal levels. Metal oxide semiconductors for electronics.

     Metal Sulphide is as nanocrystals due to their special applications as, amongst others, semi conductors, solar radiation absorbers, catalysts, polymer surface coatings, cathodic materials and nanometer scale switches, solar cell components, electro luminescent devices and multilayer dielectric filters. Its reaction with the metallic salts are similar to those of the alkaline sulphides. Metal sluphides are  widely used in industry for metal removal. 

  Silicon Compounds is used in our bodies  along with calcium, to grow and maintain strong bones. Silicocon is important for the growth of hair, skin and fingernails. Silicon was also used for electronic chips. 

Metal oxides play a very important role in many areas of chemistry, physical and materials science. It protects a metal from further oxidation. It means that metal oxide prevents metal from becoming rusty.
  Carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of CO²⁻
_3. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group. While metal carbonate is used in baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), washing soda (sodium bicarbonate), tums/egg shells/limescale (calcium carbonate). It is also used for  decompose on heating, liberating carbon dioxide from the long term carbon cycle to the short term carbon cycle and leaving behind an oxide of the metal. It's usages for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) and nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.
Metal sulfides are used as sensing materials for Chemoresistive Gas Sensors . A chemiresistor is a material that changes its electrical resistance in response to changes in the nearby chemical environment. Hemiresistors are a class of chemical sensor that rely on the direct chemical interaction between the sensing material and the analyte. s also applied in energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, fuel cells and piezoelectric nanogenerators. 

Silicon compound is doped with boron, gallium, phosporus, or arsenic to produce silicon to be used in transitors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other electronic solid-state devices. Silicones are important products of silicon. They are prepared by hydrolysing a silicon organic chloride. Silica is silicones in sand shape and it is a principal ingredient of glass, a material with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties such as computer chips. It is also used in lubricants, to make concrete and bricks or used in medicines for silicone implants. 

 

Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. All together, there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. Common rust is a form of iron(III) oxide. Iron oxides are widely used as inexpensive, durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes.

Magnesium carbonate is an inorganic salt that is a white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals. The primary use of magnesium carbonate is the production of magnesium oxide by calcining.

Silver sulfide is the sulfide of silver. It is useful as a photosensitizer in photography. The tarnish can be removed by physically rubbing the tarnish with polishing compounds and cloth. The tarnish is silver sulfide, and the cloth used to remove the tarnish is black when the process is over.Elemental silver is shiny.

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica  is an oxide of silicon. Silicon dioxide is also added to many foods and supplements. As a food additive, it serves as ananticaking agent to avoid clumping. 

In the recent years, metal sulfide nanostructured materials have become established in different research fields thanks to their excellent properties. Among the potential applications, metal sulfides may have a high standing role for gas sensing, in which, despite the wide assortment of sensing materials, still metal-oxides maintain a leading role because of their high sensitivity, low cost, small dimensions and simple integration. Experimentation carried out in this work with CdS and SnS2 thick film sensors has showed an unexpected improvements of the chemoresistive properties with respect to their oxides counterparts, in particular toward selectivity to specific compounds, stability and the possibility to operate at room temperature. This opens towards the study of a novel class of sensing materials, which may solve the constant drift of the signal suffered by metal-oxides and ascribed to the in/out diffusion of oxygen vacancies, which alters the doping level.

 Carbonates are compounds formed between a metal and the carbonate ion, (CO3)2-. When a carbonate decomposes, a metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas are produced. The general pattern of a decomposition of a carbonate reaction is: MCO3 --> MO + CO2 (M is used to represent the metal. CO3 is carbonate.) 

Mixed metal oxide (MMO) pigments, also known as complex inorganic color pigments (CICPs), have been around since the early 1800s. Their use in the ceramic and pottery industries is well known due to their overall inertness, which contributes to outstanding heat, chemical and UV resistance. The use of MMOs in industrial coatings is less common and more for special purposes. This paper will discuss the benefits of formulating coatings with MMOs as a replacement for, or in conjunction with, the more common organic types.                                                Metal sulphide: Metal sulfides (designated as MSs, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ti, W, Sn, Sb, etc.) have recently attracted increasing research interest worldwide. Benefiting from their high electrochemical activities, these MSs will play significant roles in low-cost and environmentally friendly energy storage/conversion systems. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date progress on the rational design and efficient synthesis of MSs with controlled morphologies, sizes, compositions, and micro/nano-structures, along with their applications as electrode materials for lithium/sodium/magnesium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, and electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction. The associated challenges, problem-solving strategies, and future trends to broaden the horizons of MSs for energy-related applications will also be presented.
Sillicon:Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. A hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table, along with carbon above it and germanium, tin, and lead below. It is rather unreactive, though less so than germanium, and has a very large chemical affinity for oxygen; as such, it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. Its melting and boiling points of 1414 °C and 3265 °C respectively are the second-highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being only surpassed by boron (carbon sublimes rather than melts at atmospheric pressure, albeit at a higher temperature than boron). 

Table 1 Click to enlarge

Mixed metal oxide pigments are compounds comprised of a group of two or more metals and oxygen. The most common crystal structures are rutile (MeO2) hematite (Me2O3) or spinel (Me3O4). Metals commonly present include: cobalt, iron, trivalent chrome, tin, antimony, titanium, manganese and aluminum. Different metal combinations produce a wide spectrum of hues ranging from black to brown to green, blue, yellow and red. All MMOs are produced by a calcination process consisting of an intimate mixture of appropriate metal precursor materials being fired at temperatures of 800 to 1300 °C. It is this calcining process that creates the extremely stable metal oxide bonds. The chemical stability of these bonds affords the outstanding durability of this class of color pigments.

UV Durability

The chemical inertness of inorganic MMOs renders their excellent resistance to UV radiation and the elements encountered in the most extreme outdoor environments. Most organic pigments degrade when exposed for more than a few years in UV-intense tropical environments. High-performance organic pigments that do provide acceptable durability are typically very expensive, commanding two to four times the cost of a metal oxide pigment. MMOs are therefore the colorant material of choice for architectural coatings requiring extremely high durability such as the performance specified in AAMA 2605-05 (Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers Association). This specification calls for maintenance of color and gloss after 10 years exposure in south Florida.

Chemical Resistance

The exceptionally stable chemical bonds characteristic of MMO pigments make them insoluble in most chemicals including strong acid and alkali, and virtually all organic solvents. Because of this insolubility, coatings formulated with MMOs will not lose color due to pigment degradation even with the most extreme exposure to aggressive chemicals. Atmospheric pollution including acid rain, volcanic fallout and waste incineration does not chemically attack these pigments. Moreover, coatings requiring resistance to strong chemical exposure such as laboratory and chemical manufacturing facilities can use MMOs and be assured of color stability. 

Silicon is one of the most useful elements to mankind. Most is used to make alloys including aluminium-silicon and ferro-silicon (iron-silicon). These are used to make dynamo and transformer plates, engine blocks, cylinder heads and machine tools and to deoxidise steel.

Silicon is also used to make silicones. These are silicon-oxygen polymers with methyl groups attached. Silicone oil is a lubricant and is added to some cosmetics and hair conditioners. Silicone rubber is used as a waterproof sealant in bathrooms and around windows, pipes and roofs.