Sedangkan because of diikuti oleh:

1. frasa benda (gabungan kata benda yang tidak memiliki kata kerja, misalnya "the rain", "the COVID-19", dll.)

2. kata benda yang diantaranya:

 - kata ganti/ pronoun (me, her, him, it, you, them).

 - gerund/ verb + ing

Contoh:

1. Penggunaan because:

- He decided to stay at office because the weather was bad.

 Dalam kalimat tersebut, because diikuti oleh kalimat yang subjeknya adalah "the weather", dan kata kerja "was".

- His clothes got wet because of the rain.

Dalam kalimat tersebut, because of diikuti oleh frasa benda yaitu "the rain".

- Because of him, my heart was broken.

Dalam kalimat tersebut, because of diikuti dengan kata ganti/pronoun "him".

- Because of feeling sick, Tiara didn’t come to school today. 

Dalam kalimat tersebut, because of diikuti dengan gerund/verb+ing yaitu "feeling".

Kalau dalam satu kalimat disebutkan cause/penyebabnya duluan baru effect/efeknya, maka kalimatnya menjadi kalimat aktif/ active voice.

Sedangkan kalau disebutkan effect/efeknya dulu baru cause/penyebabnya, maka kalimat tersebut termasuk kalimat pasif/ passive voice.

Contoh:

1. Kalimat aktif

COVID-19 causes students to learn from home.

kata kerja "causes" diatas memiliki arti "menyebabkan".

Dalam kalimat aktif, signal words "causes" terletak setelah subjek/pelaku/penyebab, yaitu dalam kalimat tersebut "COVID-19".

 

2. Kalimat Pasif

The need for students to study at home is caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Kata kerja "is caused" diatas memiliki arti "disebabkan".

Dalam kalimat pasif, signal words terletak sebelum subjek/pelaku/penyebab, yaitu dalam kalimat tersebut "the COVID-19 pandemic".

1.) Signal Word Yang diikuti oleh frasa benda/gabungan kata benda yang tidak memiliki kata benda (noun phrase), kata ganti (pronoun), dan gerund (verb+ing). Signal words tersebut diantaranya ada:

- Signal word yang diletakkan sebelum cause:

Due to (karena), because of (karena), owing to (karena), thanks to (berkat), as a result of (sebagai akibat dari), as a consequences of (sebagai konsekuensi dari), caused by (disebabkan oleh).

- Signal word yang diletakkan sebelum effect:

Cause/causes (menyebabkan), bring about (menyebabkan), give rise to (mengakibatkan), be the cause of (menjadi penyebab dari), lead to (menyebabkan), result in (menghasilkan) create (menciptakan) begin (memulai/mengawali), produce (menghasilkan).

 

Rumusnya:

1. Signal word + Cause + , (comma) + Effect.

Contoh: Due to driving while drunk, his driving license was seized by the police.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat signal word "Due to" sebelum cause yang berupa gerund/verb+ing "driving”, kemudian tanda koma, dan effect "his driving license was seized by the police".

2. Effect + signal word + Cause

Contoh:

Many people get the disease as a consequence of the bad weather.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat effect "Many people get the disease" dan signal word "as a consequence of" sebelum cause yang berupa noun phrase "the bad weather".

3. Cause + signal word + effect

Contoh: An earthquake give rise to a huge material loss.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat cause “An earthquake” dan signal word “give rise to” sebelum effect yang berupa noun phrase yaitu “a huge material loss”.

 

2.) Signal Word Yang diikuti oleh klausa/kalimat (clause), yaitu yang memiliki subjek dan verb. Signal words tersebut diantaranya ada:

- Signal word yang diletakkan sebelum cause:

Because (karena), since (karena), as (karena), for (karena), as a result (Sebagai akibat).

- Signal word yang diletakkan sebelum effect:

As a result (sebagai akibatnya), then (maka), thus (sehingga), therefore (sehingga), thereby (sehingga), hence (maka), consequently (konsekuensinya).

Rumusnya:

1. Signal word + cause + , (Comma) + effect

Contoh: Because the rain is not stopping, Martha use her umbrella.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat signal word “because”, cause “the rain is not stopping” dan tanda koma sebelum effect “Martha use her umbrella”.

2. Effect + signal word + Cause

Contoh: My brother is winning the science competition since he is so smart.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat effect “My brother is winning the science competition” dan signal word “since” sebelum cause “he is so smart”.

3. Cause +, (Comma) + signal word + effect

Contoh: Germany is a beautiful place for holiday, thus a lot of tourists came in summer.
Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat cause “Germany is a beautiful place for holiday”, tanda koma, dan signal word “thus” sebelum effect “a lot of tourists came in summer”.

 

Lalu, untuk kalimat cause dan effect yang terpisah oleh titik, rumusnya:

1. Cause + . (titik) + Signal word yang diletakkan sebelum effect +, (Comma) + effect (klausa/kalimat)

Contoh: The virus is outbreak in the city. Consequently, the city is lockdown by government.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat cause “The virus is outbreak in the city”, tanda titik, signal word “Consequently”, tanda koma, baru kemudian effect “the city is lockdown by government”.

2. Effect + . (titik) + Kata ganti this/they/those + to be is/are/was/were + signal word yang diletakkan sebelum cause + cause (klausa/kalimat)

Contoh: There has been great material damage on the shores of Banda aceh. This is because a tsunami has hit the area. 

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat effect “There has been great material damage on the shores of Banda aceh”, tanda titik, kata ganti “This”, to be “is”, signal word “because”, kemudian cause “tsunami has hit the area”.

3. Cause + . (titik) + Kata ganti this/they/those + signal word yang diletakkan sebelum effect + effect (noun phrase)

Contoh: The tsunami disaster has just occurred in Banda Aceh. This gives rise to great material damage.
 Dalam kalimat tersebut, terdapat cause “The tsunami disaster has just occurred in Banda Aceh”, tanda titik, kata ganti “this” yang merujuk pada cause, signal word “gives rise to”, kemudian effect yang berupa noun phrase “great material damage”.

 

4. Effect + . (titik) + Kata ganti this/they/those + to be is/are/was/were + signal word yang diletakkan sebelum cause + cause (noun phrase)

Contoh: Today's learning system is changing from face-to-face to distance learning. This is due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dalam kalimat diatas, terdapat effect “Today's learning system is changing from face-to-face to distance learning”, tanda titik, kata ganti “this”, to be “is”, signal word “due to”, kemudian ada effect berupa noun phrase “the COVID-19 pandemic”.