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      <title>Case 1 Group3&amp;4 by Eugene Macalinga</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6</link>
      <description></description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:12:34 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2026-02-26 12:52:23 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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      <item>
         <title>Group G - Cardiac Enzymes</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447931216</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><br><br>-it is released when heart muscles are damaged to see if the heart muscles are necrosed <br>-the more damage to the heart, the more troponin I is released<br>-in stable/ unstable angina, troponin levels are not increased<br><br><br>Troponin<br>- enzymes that exist as normal proteins important to the contractile apparatus of the cardiac myocyte<br>- The proteins are released into the circulation between 3 and 4 hours after myocardial infarction and remain detectable for 10 days following<br><br>CK (and CK-MB)<br>- muscle enzyme that exists as <a href="http://www.healio.com/cardiology/genetics-genomics/news/online/%7B38a30e9d-51b6-44c7-8d70-dbfeca2b2d25%7D/race-based-gene-variations-affect-mortality-risk-among-clopidogrel-users">isoenzymes</a>. The MB type is specific to myocardial cells<br>- CK values are indicative of all CK enzyme levels (MM and BB not shown)<br><br>- using such findings, we suspect that Mr Lee has AMI (unable to tell if STEMI/ NSTEMI --&gt; only can tell from <br>ECG)<br><br><a href="https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/cardiac-enzymes">https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/cardiac-enzymes</a><br><br><br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:15:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447931216</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Group A</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447931354</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Modifiable risk factors:&nbsp;<br>Smoking<br>hypertension<br>hyperlipidaemia<br>poor diet: diet high in cholesterol and fats leading to hyperlipidaemia&nbsp;<br>obesity: excess weight can lead to fatty build up in arteries<br>diabetes&nbsp;<br>sedentary lifestyle: causes CAD because lack of exercise results in higher risk of atherosclerosis&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:15:16 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447931354</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Group B</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447931922</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Define CAD:<br>Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is when the occlusion of arteries deprives cardiac muscle of oxygen and nutrients, hence affecting pumping ability of the heart.&nbsp;<br><br>Signs and symptoms:<br>- Chest pain or discomfort (angina)<br>- Weakness, light headedness, nausea, cold sweat<br>- Pain or discomfort in the arms or shoulder<br>- Shortness of breath<br><br>Does Mr Lee have CAD?<br>Yes, he has (1) crushing chest pain, (2) radiation of pain to jaw and left upper arm, (3) experiences increasing dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:15:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447931922</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Group C (heart failure)</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447932684</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Heart failure (definition)</div><ul><li>Condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate that is consistent w requirements of the body</li><li>Acute Vs Chronic: <em>For chronic, it is a sudden or gradual decrease in CO respectively &amp; associated with edema</em></li><li>Left vs Right Heart failure<ul><li>RHF: Defective <strong>pulmonary</strong> flow and <strong>systemic</strong> congestion&nbsp;</li><li><em>LHF: Defective </em><strong><em>systemic</em></strong><em> flow and </em><strong><em>pulmonary</em></strong><em> congestion</em></li></ul></li><li>Common causes include:&nbsp;<ul><li>decreased cardiac function (IHD, AMI, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy)</li><li>Increased workload (hypertension, pericarditis etc)</li></ul></li></ul><div><br></div><div>Diagnosis of Mr Lee: Chronic Left heart failure</div><ul><li>Pt has shortness of breath (difficulty breathing)</li><li>LHF results in decreased cardiac output to the body ; blood backup into left atrium and lungs which leads to pulmonary edema. This could affect pt's breathing.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>2 pillow orthopnea</strong> (orthopnea relieved by placing 2 pillows under his head)</li><li>Central and peripheral cyanosis&nbsp;</li><li>Crackles heard indicate fluid in lungs (pulmonary edema)</li></ul>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:16:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447932684</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>group D - STEMI</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447934841</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>&nbsp;An ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is <strong>a type of heart attack that is more serious and has a greater risk of serious complications and death</strong>. It gets its name from how it mainly affects the heart's lower chambers and changes how electrical current travels through them.<br><br>According to Mr Lee' ECG, he has STEMI as there is more than 1-2mm of ST elevation in two contiguous leads.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:19:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447934841</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Group E</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447935353</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Objective data in nursing refers to <strong>information that can be measured through physical examination, observation, or diagnostic testing (ECG, MRI, X-ray)</strong>.&nbsp;<br>- describe by the clinician<br><br>Mr Lee's data:<br>O2 sat: 90% (low)<br>Blood pressure: 130/99 mmHg (high)<br>RR: 26 breaths/minute (high)<br>HR: 100 beats/minute<br>Temperature: 37.5 degrees<br>Skin color: pale and diaphoretic; cyanotic lips and extremities<br>Texture: cold&nbsp;<br>Heart sounds: -<br>Lung sounds: crackles (bilateral bases)<br><br>Discharge plans and medications<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:20:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447935353</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Group F (Subjective Data)</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447941711</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Cardiovascular Subjective Data:</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; What cannot be precisely measured (Vitals, blood test results =&gt; Objective Data)<br>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Any data that is not directly from the nurse/healthcare professionals&nbsp; =&gt; Objective Data</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Primary Source =&gt; Patient</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Secondary Source =&gt; Caregivers, other members of the healthcare team</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>Examples of Subjective Data:</div><div>1.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Pain Scale</div><div>2.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Colour (From the patient)</div><div>3.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Feel (From the patient)</div><div>4.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Description of reported symptoms (E.g. chills, diarrhoea, coughing, dizziness, SOB)</div><div>5.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Patient's perceptions, feelings, and concerns</div><div><br>&nbsp;Why is Subjective Data important?</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; This data can paint a more thorough picture of what the patient is experiencing, making it an essential part of care plan development</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; May signal possible issues with the patient’s psychological, physiological, and sociological wellness</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; It alerts nurses about things that can be problematic when dealing with patients as well as indicating specific patient’s strengths that can be useful when communicating and caring for them</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>Mr Lee’s Subjective Data:</div><div>·&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Patient’s complaints (Primary Source)</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Crushing chest pain</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Radiation of pain to jaw and left upper arm&nbsp;</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dyspnoea upon exertion for the last two months</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Claims that he is unable to walk home from the bus stop without feeling breathless</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Needs to sleep with two pillows under the head</div><div>·&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Daughter (Secondary Source)</div><div>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Non-compliant with medication</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:27:04 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447941711</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Group H</title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447946786</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-18 07:32:36 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/eugene22_md/g9br7c48cqgnf2c6/wish/2447946786</guid>
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