https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163 en-us 2022-05-19 12:41:20 UTC 2022-05-27 13:36:04 UTC hello@padlet.com 15521131 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191317889 An arms race occurs when two or more countries increase the size and quality of military resources to gain military and political superiority over one another. The Cold War is an example of an arms race. There was a nuclear arms race & one in space. The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. The space arms race was a competition between the US and Soviet Union of who can get to space first. The USA won the arms race; and the Soviet Union collapsed.

Brinkmanship: During the Cold War, Dulles orchestrated a strategy known as "brinkmanship." Brinkmanship is the practice of forcing a confrontation in order to achieve a desired out-come; in the Cold War, brinkmanship meant using nuclear weapons as a deterrent to communist expansion around the world.

Deterrence: military strategy under which one power uses the threat of reprisal effectively to preclude an attack from an adversary power.

Strategic Arms Limitations Talk I: During the late 1960s, the United States learned that the Soviet Union had embarked upon a massive Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) buildup designed to reach parity with the United States. In January 1967, President Lyndon Johnson announced that the Soviet Union had begun to construct a limited Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) defense system around Moscow. The development of an ABM system could allow one side to launch a first strike and then prevent the other from retaliating by shooting down incoming missiles.
November 17, 1969


SALT 2: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) was designed to replace the Interim Agreement, but SALT II did not enter into force. SALT II called for numerical limits on missiles, bans on certain missiles, definitions of systems limited by the agreement, and verification provisions. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) was designed to replace the Interim Agreement, but SALT II did not enter into force. SALT II called for numerical limits on missiles, bans on certain missiles, definitions of systems limited by the agreement, and verification provisions.
June 17, 1979

Star Wars: Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), byname Star Wars, proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union. The SDI was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983.]]> 2022-05-19 13:12:19 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191317889 15521131 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191332817 Conditions in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, however, changed rapidly. Gorbachev’s decision to loosen the Soviet yoke on the countries of Eastern Europe created an independent, democratic momentum that led to the collapse of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and then the overthrow of Communist rule throughout Eastern Europe. While Bush supported these independence movements, U.S. policy was reactive. Bush chose to let events unfold organically, careful not to do anything to worsen Gorbachev’s position. Gorbachev’s decision to allow elections with a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Following the May 1990 elections, Gorbachev faced conflicting internal political pressures: Boris Yeltsin and the pluralist movement advocated democratization and rapid economic reforms while the hard-line Communist elite wanted to thwart Gorbachev’s reform agenda. Yeltsin and Gorbachev

Perestroika: (in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning.

Glasnost: (in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.]]> 2022-05-19 13:21:17 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191332817 15520041 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191333244 Berlin Airlift: The Soviet Union shared Berlin with France, the US, and Great Britain but wanted the city for themselves. To get their rivals out of Berlin, the Soviets decided to cut off highways, roads, and canals; by cutting off vital supplies and food they believed that their rivals would leave Berlin for good. But instead, the US and allies landed in Berlin every three minutes from June 1948 - May 1949, bringing in over 2.3 million tons of supplies to support the citizens. The Berlin airlift was a huge victory for democracy.

Berlin Wall: On August 13, 1961 the Communist government of East Germany (GDR) started to build a concrete wall topped with barbed wire dividing East and West Berlin. Though the GDR claimed the purpose was to keep out western "fascists" the actual reason was to stop eastern German citizens from crossing to the western side of Berlin. The Berlin Wall remained in place until November 9, 1989, when the GDR announced that their citizens could freely cross. GDR citizens were ecstatic and began tearing the wall down. The Berlin Wall served as a communist symbol until its fall, which was a victory for democracy.

Iron Curtain: At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union created communist governments at their own Western border in numerous countries such as Albania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The Soviet leaders believed they needed these countries to act as a buffer, because according to Stalin "communism and capitalism could not exist in the same world." This led to Winston Churchill, the British Prime minister's famous speech in which he described the divided Eastern and Western Europe as if "an iron curtain has descended across the continent." The speech was made on March 5, 1946, and the "Iron Curtain" served as a communist victory.

Marshall Plan: U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed this plan in 1947 (which was eventually enacted in 1948) that was described as a European Recovery program. The plan he proposed was for the US to provide over $12.5 billion dollars to help rebuild Western Europe. The plan was a major success for Democracy.

]]> 2022-05-19 13:21:34 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191333244 15521131 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191356715 During the Second Sino-Japanese War, China was effectively divided into three regions—Nationalist China under control of the government, Communist China, and the areas occupied by Japan. Each was essentially pitted against the other two, although Chinese military forces were ostensibly allied under the banner of the United Front. The Chinese civil war was fought because of differences in thinking between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party). The war was a fight for legitimacy as the government of China.

Key people: Mao Zedong (Leader of Communist party), Chiang Kai Shek (Leader of Nationalist party)

Cultural Revolution: It was a political movement initiated by Mao Zedong that lasted from 1966 to 1976. It was a campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Great Leap Forward: It was the campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960 to organize its vast population, especially in large-scale rural communes, to meet China’s industrial and agricultural problems. The Chinese hoped to develop labor-intensive methods of industrialization, which would emphasize manpower rather than machines and capital expenditure. Thereby, it was hoped, the country could bypass the slow, more typical process of industrialization through gradual accumulation of capital and purchase of heavy machinery. The Great Leap Forward approach was epitomized by the development of small backyard steel furnaces in every village and urban neighborhood, which were intended to accelerate the industrialization process.]]> 2022-05-19 13:35:29 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191356715 15520041 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191358357 As mentioned in the other Germany pin, the Berlin Wall remained in place until November 9, 1989, when the GDR announced that their citizens could freely cross. GDR citizens were ecstatic and began tearing the wall down. The Berlin Wall served as a communist symbol until its fall, which was a victory for democracy.

Mikhail Gorbachev: Born March 2, 1931, Gorbachev rose up through the ranks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until he eventually became the Soviet president in 1990. His efforts to democratize the Soviet political system and decentralize their economy eventually led to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the fall of the Soviet Union Gorbachev resigned his presidency and while he failed to win in the Presidential election, he remained active in Russia's public life.

Ronald Reagan: The 40th US President (1911-2004) served two terms from 1981 to 1989. Because of when he was President he was very influential in the Cold War. His most speech during the Cold War was in June 1987, where he said, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" His wish came true two years later.

]]> 2022-05-19 13:36:28 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191358357 15520041 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191520645 The Korean war began on June 25, 1950, when North Korean soldiers crossed the 38th parallel in South Korea. The result was a stalemate after heavy back and forth in the beginning of the war. The war finally ended in July 1953, and although no one technically won, the western powers achieved their goal of stopping the spread of Communism and keeping democracy in South Korea.

Douglas MacArthur: The United Nations force was led by US General Douglas MacArthur. Despite achieving success early on in the war with his strategic tactics (such as the pincer attack at Inchon), the North Korean troops were bolstered by an extra 300,000 Chinese troops in late 1950. The Chinese felt threatened by the primarily American UN troops, and the US naval fleet off their coast. With these new troops the South Korean and UN forces were pushed out of North Korea, which was followed by the Chinese capture of the South Korean capital, Seoul. Because of this threat, MacArthur asked Truman to use nuclear weapons on China, and when his request was denied he tried to subvert Truman by asking Congress instead; Truman fired MacArthur in response.
United Nations (role of it): When the North Koreans launched a surprise attack across the 38th parallel the South asked for the UN to provide assistance. The UN was determined to stop the spread of communism, and since the Soviet Union wasn't at the council meeting they couldn't protest the decision to send a military force to Korea to stop the invasion.
38th Parallel: When World War II ended, Korea was divided into North Korea and South Korea. The 38th parallel, a line that crosses Korea at 38° North Latitude separated the Northern Communist Korea (the Soviets set up this government), and the rural south (supported by the Western allies). 

]]> 2022-05-19 15:12:02 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2191520645 15520041 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2193106454 The Vietnam War (November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975) started because of North Vietnam's desire to unify the country under one communist ruling party, while South Vietnam wanted a democratic government similar to the western powers'. The war eventually ended in a North Vietnam victory, and therefore a win for the Communists.

Ho Chi Minh: (1890-1969) Ho Chi Minh was an advocate for Vietnamese Independence from France and eventually joined the Communist Party and traveled to the Soviet Union. He later founded the Indochinese Communist party in 1930 and the League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) in 1941. When World War II was coming to an end, the Viet Minh forces captured Hanoi (a city in North Vietnam), and Ho was made president. Over his 25 year tenure as leader of North Vietnam, he attempted to unify Vietnam and became a symbol of unification and Vietnamese independence. When he died in 1969, the conflict in Vietnam was still ongoing.

Vietcong: South Vietnam was ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem, a dictator. Because of how he ruled, opposition in the form of Communist guerrilla fighters gained strength - these fighters were known as the Vietcong. The Vietcong began to take large portions of the South Korean countryside, and in 1963 they had Diem killed. The Vietcong continued to gain support throughout the war and received help from Ho Chi Minh.

Vietnamization: Vietnamization was the strategy of gradually reducing American involvement in the Vietnam War  and was employed by US President Richard Nixon. By 1969 when Nixon took office, the Americans and South Vietnamese had made little progress despite the fact that the US had been supplying them with troops and supplies since 1965. Even though no progress was being made, tens of thousands of Americans had lost their lives; this angered the American public and created anti-Vietnam War protests. To appease the intense pressure placed on Nixon by the angry public, he began to withdraw US troops slowly while training the South Vietnamese on how to fight better in the war instead of simply abandoning them. The last US troops left by 1973.

17th Parallel: After the Vietminh defeated the French in 1954, a peace conference was held in Geneva to decide what would happen with Indochina (formerly controlled by France). It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at 17° north latitude; to the north of the line was Ho Chi Minh's Communist government, while south of the line an anti-communist government was set up by the US and French.

]]> 2022-05-20 14:40:53 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2193106454 15521131 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2199392823 Cause: In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. President Kennedy did not want the Soviet Union and Cuba to know that he had discovered the missiles.

Brief description: The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962 when the Soviet Union began to install nuclear missiles in Cuba. The United States refused to allow this and, after thirteen tense days and many secret negotiations, the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles.

Key people: John F. Kennedy, Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro.

John F. Kennedy: Current president of the united states during Cuban missile crisis.

Nikita Khrushchev: Soviet Premier during Cuban missile crisis; he was the one who ordered Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba, thus ending the crisis.

Fidel Castro: Cuban leader during cuban missile crisis.

Bay of pigs invasion: The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government.]]> 2022-05-25 13:35:38 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2199392823 15521131 https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2202200856 Taiwan: When nearly all of China was under control by the communists, the nationalists retreated to Taiwan (At the end of 1949)]]> 2022-05-27 13:32:01 UTC https://padlet.com/15521131/g8eq1k1ect66q163/wish/2202200856