Manufacturers make these particles using various materials, such as metals, semiconductors, ceramics, and polymers. Controlling their size, shape, and surface characteristics allows for tailoring their properties to their application. Due to their small size and distinctive properties, nanoparticles hold vast potential for applications across diverse fields such as medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental science.

to produce a substance by a chemical reaction in plants or animals: There are many vitamins that the body cannot synthesize itself. Physical & chemical processes

is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres.

any of a class of crystalline solids intermediate in electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.

to produce a substance by a chemical reaction in plants or animals: There are many vitamins that the body cannot synthesize itself. Physical & chemical processes.