Perfume - Enlightenment, Modernism & Postmodernism by Emi Kodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism By: Sunny L., Andrew Y., Daniel Y., Emi K. en-us 2019-03-27 02:39:19 UTC 2025-11-22 17:10:35 UTC hello@padlet.com When? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345531135 Late 19th Century to Mid 20th Century. ]]> 2019-03-27 02:57:08 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345531135 When? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345531472 Late 17th Century to Early 18th Century.]]> 2019-03-27 02:59:37 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345531472 When? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345531867 Mid 20th Century to Late 20th Century. ]]> 2019-03-27 03:02:11 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345531867 What? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345808973 The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that challenged the then traditional views of society. In France, this would have been challenging the Old Regime.]]> 2019-03-27 17:12:13 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345808973 Where? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345811015 The Age of Enlightenment first began and took place in Europe.

The central hub in which many Enlightenment thinkers and philosophes gathered was Paris, France. ]]> 2019-03-27 17:16:01 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345811015 Challenges: The Divine Right of Kings emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345813308
  • All enforcement and interpretation of laws are concentrated to a single figure because of divine right
  • An absolute monarch was given the right to rule and control everything, "because God said so." 
    • ]]>     2019-03-27 17:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345813308     Challenges: The Old Regime emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345813803 3 Estates (Social Classes):
    1. Clergy - Owned 10% of land, payed 2% of taxes.
    2. Nobility - Owned 20% of land, payed no taxes.
    3. Third Estate - the rest of society (98% of the population), payed the majority of the taxes, but were the poorest out of the 3 Estates.

    You're born into this social class and social mobility is restricted. Not based on talent, but on birthright. 
    ]]>     2019-03-27 17:21:06 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345813803     Where? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345816264 Modernism first began and took place in the United States of America.]]> 2019-03-27 17:25:53 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345816264 Favored: Deism emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345817266 The belief that there is a God that created the universe, but does not intervene in the development of the universe.

    Deism shows that fate and opportunities are solely in human hands. Organized religious institutions like the Catholic Church do not have the power they proclaim, being in power for more superficial reasons. ]]>     2019-03-27 17:27:51 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345817266     Favored: Natural Rights emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345817354 John Locke first developed the idea that the governments priority and role in society is to protect an individual's rights of life, liberty, and property.

    This is the belief that all humans are always entitled to certain concepts, and violating such rights of an individual is a sin. ]]>     2019-03-27 17:28:04 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345817354     John Locke (1632-1704) emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345818396
  • Opposed the monolithic authority of the Church.
  • Individuals could make their own decisions using reason and logic.
  • Believed in a social contract: a leader is accountable to the people.
    • ]]>     2019-03-27 17:30:03 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345818396     Adam Smith (1723-1790) emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345818984
  • Published "Laissez-Faire Economics"
  • "The Wealth of Nations" (1776)
  • Against mercantilism 
  • Minimize government intervention in economy
  • Self-interest will eventually be beneficial to society as a whole
  • "Invisible Hand": the market will guide itself.
    • ]]>     2019-03-27 17:31:16 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345818984     Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345819831
  • The general will is always right and functions in the best interest of society.
  • General will = Common good
  • Man serves his own good by serving the common good, self-interest is often against societal general will.
    • ]]>     2019-03-27 17:33:01 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345819831     What? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345822599 Modernism was a cultural movement of creators that rebelled against the academic traditions, shaping a new Western society. Ideas were influenced by the First World War.]]> 2019-03-27 17:38:14 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345822599 Challenged: The Philosophies of the Enlightenment emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829335 While most modernists did not disagree with the philosophies of the Enlightenment, they actually thought they were useless.

    People were exposed to the ideals of the Enlightenment, but they were Utopian. People don't take the Enlightenment ideas to heart, don't try to improve their own lives as human beings, and people don't inherently respect the "natural rights" people are naturally entitled to. ]]>     2019-03-27 17:50:39 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829335     Favored: Humanism emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829468 "A progressive philosophy of life that, without theism or other supernatural beliefs, affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good."
    - American Humanist Association

    Another characteristic of modernism was to be able to construct overarching philosophies and systems that could contain and explain all of reality. While not the ideas of the Enlightenment, there still is something that can explain life's many irregularities.]]>     2019-03-27 17:50:54 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829468     Favored: Industrialization emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829586
  • Moved away from agrarianism.
  • Widespread development of industrial societies.
  • Rapid growth of cities
  • Modernism occurred during WWI so resources and infrastructure were needed.
  • Looked to make things efficient and productive.
    • ]]>     2019-03-27 17:51:06 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829586     Favored: Freedom of Expression emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829871 Idea that an individual or group of people may express themselves and their opinions, without the fear of legal sanction or retaliation. People shouldn't be oppressed, censored, or attacked based on their perspectives and expression. This idea is widely evident in the artistic movement of this era.]]> 2019-03-27 17:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345829871 Where? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345962638 There is no specific country that is seen as The Place where postmodernism originated. However, it is mostly accepted that this began as a Western philosophy, following WWII.]]> 2019-03-28 02:18:38 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345962638 What? emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345962708 Postmodernism is a wide range of new ideas rejecting modernism. Postmodernism introduced the idea that reality is subject to change from individual to individual and is developed as individuals try to find their own reality. It is characterized by "broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.  
    Ideas were influenced by the Second World War. 
    ]]>     2019-03-28 02:19:11 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/345962708     sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346412831 2019-03-29 04:05:43 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346412831 sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346413706 2019-03-29 04:12:30 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346413706 sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346413969 2019-03-29 04:14:02 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346413969 Challenged: Universalism emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346732539 Universalism is a concept that some ideas have a universal application. Postmodernism specifically focuses on individuals and how no two individuals are similar, let alone alike. Postmodernists believe that individuals differ in all aspects as they each construct their own personal realities. ]]> 2019-03-30 02:11:39 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346732539 Challenged: Objective Reality emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346732667 A common theme in postmodernism is confusion and a lack of certainty. This is in contrast with objective reality, which are facts, events, etc that are seen as universally true. Postmodernists question reality and if things are truly as they may seem (a subjective reality]]> 2019-03-30 02:13:32 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346732667 Favored (somewhat): Nihilism emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346835696 Nihilists believe that our lives are meaningless since we inevitably will die in the end. Therefore, they also reject any religious beliefs as a method of social progress. Nihilism rejected morality because of its arbitrariness as well as its assertive control over individuals and their feelings. Why confine yourself with morals when at the end of the day it is meaninglessness? ]]> 2019-03-31 00:20:07 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346835696 Favored: An Uncategorizable Person emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346838006 Postmodernists believe that an individual doesn't have to define themselves as a single thing. A person can be more than just one thing and it's only up to them to decide that for themselves. 

    There is no "set" definition for anyone (or anything really).]]>     2019-03-31 00:56:12 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346838006     Welcome! daniely191 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346909233 Hello and welcome to our padlet! The best way to go through this padlet is to start on the left-most column and scroll down to the bottom, then move to the next column on the right and do the same. Please feel free to read at your own leisure.

    Each column follows a "Who, What, When" type of format with ideas that were either favored or challenged by each era. At the end of each column, we've included a brief summary of the connection between the era and the book, Perfume.

    Enjoy!]]>     2019-03-31 16:19:51 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346909233     Philosophes: sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346909279 These are some important Enlightenment thinkers that put forth new ideas and shaped/influenced much of our modern world.]]> 2019-03-31 16:20:14 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346909279 sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346920475 2019-03-31 17:39:12 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346920475 Favored: Humanism (CONT) sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346921000 An important characteristic of modernism came in the form of a high regard for man to solve/reason through problems without the aid of a divine being.]]> 2019-03-31 17:43:34 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346921000 Postmodernism in Perfume andrewyan123qwe https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346966607
  • Morality and reality itself is subjective 
  • Confusion as to who's a hero and who's a villain (Heroes are villains and villains are heroes )
  • Everyone has a bunch of different and often contrasting qualities, it's a gray-zone
    • ]]>     2019-03-31 22:54:37 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/346966607     Modernism in Perfume andrewyan123qwe https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347328159
  • Regardless of Enlightenment, people don't take the ideas to heart or follow them.
  • Touching on the humanist belief that man still has a responsibility to lead an ethical life.
  • Touching on the nihilist ideology that morality doesn't matter when you're gonna die anyway.
    • ]]>     2019-04-01 18:10:00 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347328159     Deism's Connections with Other Concepts: daniely191 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347350781 Deism also rejects the concepts of the Old Regime and the Divine Rights of Kings. How can God decide which class one is in or who becomes the absolute monarch if God doesn't intervene in human affairs? This leads to the conclusion that God didn't choose the absolute monarch: they themselves did. ]]> 2019-04-01 18:52:39 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347350781 Favored: Science and Reason daniely191 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347351939 Science and the basis of reason become more prevalent. The importance science has on the Enlightenment ensures that logic is valued. The belief is one must use logic and reason to best succeed, and not succumb to basic emotions. Scientific analysis is better than following any primal sense. 

    ]]>     2019-04-01 18:55:02 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347351939     In Literature: sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347352792 These three characteristics of literature written at the height of the postmodern time period are evident in many modern stories]]> 2019-04-01 18:56:44 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347352792 The Enlightenment in Perfume andrewyan123qwe https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347355120
  • The necessity to value reason over primal emotion
  • The self-destructive ends of violating one's natural rights of life liberty and hapiness
  • Deism and the superficial nature of organized religion, an absolute monarch, or any institution claiming legitimacy from a God
    • ]]>     2019-04-01 19:01:28 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347355120     sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347359574 Enlightenment Thinkers: H-
    Baldini:]]>     2019-04-01 19:11:41 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347359574     The End! emikodra https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347362138 Thank you for taking the time to go through our padlet!]]> 2019-04-01 19:17:44 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347362138 Favored: Moral Relativism sunnyl11 https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347364717 This is the idea that there is no defined set of morals that is absolute and encompasses all things. 
    Normative moral relativism states that all societies should accept or be open-minded towards different moral values, since there are no universal moral principles. Can the same be said of a person (Grenouille's) moral notions and choices?]]>     2019-04-01 19:24:08 UTC https://padlet.com/emikodra/perfume_enlightenment_modernism_postmodernism/wish/347364717