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Dapar, M. L., Alejandro, G. J., Meve, U., & Liede-Schumann, S. (2020). Quantitative ethnopharmacological documentation and molecular confirmation of medicinal plants used by the MANOBO tribe OF agusan del Sur, PHILIPPINES. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s13002-020-00363-7

Egley, G. H. (1989). Water-Impermeable Seed Coverings as Barriers to Germination. Recent Advances in the Development and Germination of Seeds, 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0617-7_16
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Garces, J., & Flores, M. L. (2018). Effects of environmental factors and alien Plant invasion on native floral diversity in Mt. Manunggal, Cebu Island, Philippines. Current World Environment, 13(3), 390-402. doi:10.12944/cwe.13.3.12

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Miura, T., Takagi, S., & Ishida, T. (2012). Management of diabetes and its complications with Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosaL.) and Corosolic Acid. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2012/871495

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Mousavi, Sayed Roholla & Rezaei, Maryam & Mousavi, Aboutaleb. (2011). A General Overview on Seed Dormancy and Methods of Breaking It. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5. 3333-3337.
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Paul C. Bethke, Igor G. L. Libourel, Jones, R. (2006). Nitric oxide reduces seed dormancy in Arabidopsis, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 517–526, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj060 Briggs, W. R., & Christie, J. M. (2002). Phototropins 1 and 2: versatile plant blue-light receptors. TRENDS in Plant Science, 7(5), 204–210. http://plants.trends.com1360-1385/02/$-see front matter

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In line with this, human develop a so-called “seed bank” to store various copies of seeds came from gene banks around the world for the future generation. It is considered to be a backup system, protecting the human race against adverse events and calamities, which can deteriorate our crops vital for our survival, considering that it is one of our food resources. Thereby, to protect these seeds, seed banks are catastrophic-proof and kept under low humidity and temperature, preserving the seeds collected and ensuring that these can grow when needed. 

 

There are numerous seed banks all over the world. Their seed collections are of significance to us and the health of the environment we are living in. Hence, restoring and regenerating the wealth of our planet. 

https://www.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/Casuarinamgmntplan_FINAL-05-13-13.pdf 

Common Name: Rangoon creeper

Family: Combretaceae 

Description: Vine having clusters of red flower 

Origin: Native to Asian countries having a tropical climate

Importance: Utilized for both medicinal and ornamental purposes; Anthelmintic for parasitic worm infection, alleviates diarrhea, and anti-inflammatory (Khare, 2007). 

Common Name: Queen’s Crape Myrtle, Banaba 

Family: Lythraceae

Description: A perennial, autotropic angiosperm, grows into shrubs or small tree

Origin: Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent

Habitat: Open sites, like secondary grassland, forest, and especially along the river

Importance: Can be used as herbs and spices, and its plant extract can be a health supplement for controlling blood sugar level as well as weight loss; Also, it can be used to treat some diseases affecting kidney, blood pressure, and diabetes (Miura et al., 2012)

 

Common Name: Queen of Philippines

Family: Rubiaceae 

Description: Tropical large shrub or small tree angiosperm, typically

grow in tropical areas and grown as an ornamental 

Origin: Philippines and in tropical regions

Habitat: Open and/or semi-shaded areas in savannah, both primary and secondary forests, coastal scrubs, ravines, roadsides, and riparian at an elevation of about 1400 m

Importance: It is common in the Philippines as an ornamental, and its structures are utilized in both traditional African and Filipino medicine (Dapar et al., 2020). For instance, in Nigeria, it is commonly used to alleviate dysentery, stomachache, and an antidote for snakebites (Kar et al., 2014)

Common Name: Balete

Family: Moraceae

Description: Characterized by having big, thick, or stiff leaf and has epiphytic habits; branches are dropping

Origin: Endemic in the Philippines

Distribution: Aside from its occurrence in the Philippines, it can also see in some Southeast Asian countries and islands of the South Pacific

Importance: It has medicinal uses, which can be applied on minor woods, for liver diseases, and rheumatic headache

Common Name: Bitter vine

Family: Asteraceae

Description: Vigorous, fast-growing, perennial, creeping plant having cordate leaves and white flowers, producing many seeds. 

Origin: Native tree to South and Central America

Habitat: Grow along with a wide range of habitats

Importance: Forage; soil and landscape improvement; green manure; source of pharmaceutical medicine (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, n.d.)

Common Name: Carpet grass

Family: Poaceae

Description: Stoloniferous perennial, typically spreading by above-ground runners, rooting at each node

Habitat: Roadsides, gardens, plantations, and waste areas; highly adapted to warm areas; moderately shade tolerant, but it can grow under full sunlight.

Importance: Forage; erosion and landscape control; ornamental (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, n.d.)

 

Common Name: Common guava

Family: Myrtaceae

Description: Fast-growing subtropical and tropical species highly adapted to various adverse and environmental conditions 

Origin: Native tree to the countries along Caribbean, South and Central America

Habitat: Thrives in dry and humid climates at 0 to 1500 m high 

Importance: Fruits and herbs and spices; structural materials for infrastructure; source of pharmaceutical medicine (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, n.d.,)

Common Name: Jamaica vervain, blue porter weed/snakeweed

Family: Verbenaceae

Description: Weedy herbaceous plants, typically grow at around 60–120 cm tall, having a dark green stem, which turns woody towards the base of the stem

Origin: Caribbean  

Habitat: S. macrophylla can be found in all types of forest, mostly in mixed forest belts

Importance: Medicinal uses, which can be used to treat high blood pressure, GI tract, chills, blisters, fevers, and issues in the respiratory system (Liew & Yong, 2016)

Common Name: Big-leaf mahogany

Family: Meliaceae

Description: A slow-growing evergreen tree present among tropic areas, growing at approximately 35 m x 35 m 

Habitat: S. macrophylla can be found in all types of forest, mostly in mixed forest belts

Importance: Having anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, and antitumor activities (Moghadamtousi et al., 2013)

At the globular stage, the axis is divided into three main parts as seen in Figure 16. Starting from the 

The following are some genes and hormones that mainly control the establishment of this axis. 

The following are some genes that mainly control the establishment of this axis. 

In coat-imposed dormancy, the seed dormancy is intruded along with the seed embryo by the outer seed covering and other enclosing tissues (e.g., endosperm, extrafloral organs, periderm, etc.), which will later germinate in the presence of both oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) and when enclosing organs and tissues are damaged or removed. There are five primary mechanisms of the said type of dormancy including:

In seed embryo dormancy, the physiology, morphology, or morphophysiology of the embryo is what keeping the seed dormant. 

Negative Photoblasty – These seeds prefer the dark rather than light to germinate, so their germination is light inhibited. The far-red phytochrome inhibits breaking dormancy. An example is an Onion (Allium cepa).

Stratification – Seeds require exposure to low temperatures ranging from 0 to 10^ºC. For apple seeds, the duration of chilling may take 50 to 80 days long, with just the embryo and with the seed coat, respectively. 

After-ripening – seeds need dry storage at room temperature for a duration of time before being able to break dormancy. The plant Hordeum vulgare takes weeks, while Rumex crispus takes as long as five (5) years of after-ripening.

Chemicals – Naturally occurring nitrates can act to break seed dormancy. In tandem with light, Sysymbrium officinale requires both to break dormancy. Nitric oxide in the physiology of plants stimulates germination, especially through the active compound karrikinolide. Nitric oxide can induce this in many species, including the model organism Arabidopsis (Bethke et al., 2006).