2. History of both island

3. Caribbean Globalization effects on both island.

Nevis came to be known as is the Queen of the Caribees.  And there is a good reason.  In the 17th and into the 18th century little Nevis was the richest sugar economy in the British West Indies.  It was a highly sought after prize and frequent battles over ownership with the French created havoc for plantation owners and workers and ultimately contributed to its ruin. That, along with beet sugar production in Europe and British legislation that made slavery illegal, spelled the end of Nevis’s wealth.

Life was hard for the landowners and harder still for indentured workers and slaves.  But there was some education and training for both. White indentured servants became the first clerks and storekeepers.  Slaves were taught crafts and construction. When emancipation came in 1833 black workers were referred to by their trades - as carpenters, coopers, saddlers depending on the craft they had learned on the plantation.  Needless to say, with emancipation came their move away from the plantations to start their own farms and businesses.  Most took as their last names the family name of the plantation owners.  These names are still common in Nevis today such as the huggins family which dated back to the plantation owner John huggins on Nevis.

From the late nineteenth century through to the early decades of the twentieth, string-led ensembles provided the musical accompaniment for most social functions of the Caribbean middle classes. The use of European instruments, rather than the rhythm-based African drum and percussion, was a sign of social aspirations in territories where the elites took their cue from Europe. But the African influence, with its ancestral rhythms, was irrepressible in popular music, so that by the 1920s, Afro-Cuban son, forerunner of salsa, was making the transition from low to high culture and the hybrid nature of creolised music became acceptable.

The other music form indigenous to Nevis, the Big Drum, which has its origins in the seventeenth century, exhibits a similar pattern of adaptation, with the fife, bass, and snare drums adopted from European military bands, but played to distinctively African beats. Before the larger jazz or dance band became the norm in popular music worldwide, it was the string band which played the hits of the day, or accompanied the latest dances in the Caribbean; and, fortunately, in Nevis this musical institution has survived successive waves of jazz, rock, reggae, and everything in between.

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 Braithwaite, E. (1993).  Roots.  Ann Arbor:  University of Michigan Press.   Card [Online image]. Retrieved from   http://tinyurl.com/pmtmo87 

 Ferguson, J. (1999).  The Story of the Caribbean People.  Kingston:  Ian Randle Publishers.  Fick, C. E.  (1997). The Making of Haiti.  The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below. Knoxville:     The University of Tennessee Press. 

 Girl [Online image]. Retrieved from    http://tinyurl.com/owgmhtt 

 Girvan, N.  (2001). The Greater Caribbean.  Retrieved from http://www.kaleidoscope.caribseek.com/Norman_Girvan/El_Gran_Caribe/index 

 Happy Guy [Online image]. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/noqh5bv 

 Harris, J. E., (1993).  Introduction.  In Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora.  Washington:   Howard University Press. 

 Hart, R.  (1998). From Occupation to Independence.  A Short History of the Peoples of the English- Speaking Caribbean.  Kingston:  Canoe Press. 

 Jitterbug, (2012). Handshake [Online image]. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/pj9cn89  

 Khan, A. H. (1996).  Identity, Personhood and Religion in the Caribbean context.  Paper presented at   the Congress for Latin America and Caribbean Studies, York University, October 1996. 

 Maingot, A. P. (1994).  The United States and the Caribbean.  London, Macmillan Press Ltd. 

 Nicholls, D.  (1988). From Dessalines to Duvalier.   London:  Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 

 Parry, J. H., & Sherlock, P. M. (1987).  A Short History of the West Indies. London:  Macmillan   Education Ltd. 

 Premdas, R. R. (1993).  The Enigma of Ethnicity:  An Analysis of Race in the Caribbean and the World.   St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago:  UWI School of Continuing Studies. 

 Premdas, R. R. (1999).  Identity, Ethnicity and Culture in the Caribbean.  St. Augustine, Trinidad   and Tobago:  UWI School of Continuing Studies. 

 Thornton, J. (1992).  Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680.  Cambridge:   Cambridge University Press. 

 Woman Face Identity [Online image]. Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/oxlyvee.

Hubbard, Vincent K.Swords, Ships, and Sugar: A History of Nevis to 1900, 1993.

Merrill, Gordon Clark.The Historical Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis, 1958.

Mills, Frank L., S. B. Jones-Hendrickson, and Bertram Eugene.Christmas Sports in Saint Kitts-Nevis: Our Neglected Cultural Tradition, 1984.

Moll, Verna Penn.St Kitts-Nevis, 1995.

Motley, Constance Baker.Equal Justice under Law: An Autobiography, 1998.

Olwig, Karen Fog.Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis, 1993.

Richardson, Bonham C.Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on Saint Kitts and Nevis, 1983.

—DOUGLASRAYBECK

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has truly helped me to view the Caribbean as one big diasporic civilization. The course proved to

be quite informative and a little challenging. During this course work was a constant as there was

always so much to do.  From the blackboard lectures to the online discussions provided on the 

Online Virtual Learning Environment I felt as though I was actually present for all the lectures 

on campus at UWI. The course proved to be very interesting and clarified various aspects I had 

discrepancies with previously relating to the Caribbean and its history. The units focused on were

greatly enjoyed especially unit 1- The concept of civilization, unit 2- Defining a Caribbean 

civilization, unit 4- Beyond the rivers of Babylon, unit 5- The Caribbean in motion and unit 6- 

Caribbean Identity. These units helped in my further understanding of the Caribbean drastically. I

was very appreciative of this course as it has been an aid in my further understanding of the 

Caribbean and also myself as a Caribbean native.