Brazil is the largest country in South America. Brazil was discovered in 1500, by Portuguese navigator, Pedro Alvares Cabral, who was on his way to India. Therefore, by accident landed on the Brazilian coast.

The most popular cities are, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Fernando de Noronha and Salvador.

Brazil it is very diverse and rich in its culture, natural resources and history. The official language spoken there is Portuguese.

With beautiful natural scenarios, the country has a mega-diversity in its Fauna a Flora, due to the tropical Wheater there.

Brazil is known as the country of soccer and for Carnival. Brazilian cuisine is also very diverse and differs from region to region. Some famous dishes are: feijoada, acarajé, pao de queijo, acai and brigadeiro.

Brazil is the only country to have won the FIFA World Cup 5 times.

Brazil is part of the intergovernmental organization Brics, which stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, plus Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, United Arab Emirates and Indonesia, that became official members between 2024/2025. Although Brics isn't as formal as the UN for example, it plays a major role in the international affairs.

Brazil plays a significant role in the Brics Alliances. The country continues to lead Brics into multilateral negotiations. In 2025 Brazil became president of Brics, and its reinforcing matters on climate change, economic cooperation, and a more sustainable and inclusive global governance.

1500 - Pedro Alvares Cabral discovers Brazil.

1822 - Dom Pedro proclaims the independence of Brazil September 7.

1864-70 - Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina wins a war against Paraguay's dictator Lopez.

1870 - The Republican Party is formed.

1888 - Princess Isabel abolishes slavery.

1891 - The National Assembly makes official a constitution, modeled like the US.

1894 - First civilian president is elected to office, Prudente de Morais.

1905 - Joaquim Nabuco is the first ambassador of the United States.

1917 - Brazil declares war on Germany.

1934 - A new constitution is formed. Giving more power to the central government and a more advanced social legislation.

1942 - Brazil declares war to Italy and Germany.

1946 - A new Constitution re-establishes bicameral legislation.

1964 - General Castelo Branco rules as president after a military coup that lasted until 1985.

1988 - A new Constitution is introduced.

1992 - UN Earth Summit is held in Rio de Janeiro.

2001 - Brazil, Russia, India and China has potential to become lead global economies by 2050. Together they are known as Brics.

2002 - Lula is elected president.

2004 - Brazil, Germany, Japan and India, launches a bid to become a member of the UN Security Council.

2010 - Dilma Rouseff becomes the first female president in the country.

2014 - Dilma is reelected. Brazil hosts the World Cup.

2018 - Former president Lula is arrested due corruption. Dilma suffers impeachment.

2019 - Far right Jair Bolsonaro is elected president.

2020 - Covid-19 breaks out, and President Bolsonaro faces a lot of controversy on how he was abording the situation.

2022 - Lula is re-elected and takes office in January 2023.

2023 - January 8th Bolsonaro's supporters invade the Congress in Brasilia.

2024- Brazil is the host of the G20 that happened in Rio de Janeiro.

2025 - Bolsonaro will face trial for conspiracy against the government, and for possibly been behind the riot in 2023.

Overall, the country has been through a lot of changes, especially on its democracy and over the past few years faced some conflicts related to corruption, the Covid19 pandemic, and the presidential election in 2022. When a wave of disinformation and political parties being the main contributors to that.

The National Congress is the body of Brazil's government.

The Congress is Bicameral, which means that is consisted in two chambers: the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

Chief of State and Head of Government: Lula Inacio da Silva

In Brazil the President hold both positions, which gives they more authority on making decisions.

As Chief of State the president has more saying in international matters, such as alliances and foreign policies.

As for Head of Government the President has responsibility for the executive administration of the country. Managing laws and policies.

Aside from having the second largest military in the Western Hemisphere, Brazil acts with a soft power.

The country plays great role in world trade. Brazil exports: Soybeans, minerals, meat and oil. Over the years Brazil has been heading in a direction to improve its international relations with other countries.

Brazil relies on a multilateral relation with most countries.

China is Brazil's main economic partner and have a completely economic relation. Due to the new political scenarios, that has been changing constantly, this relation has been strengthened.

The highest court in Brazil is the Supreme Federal Court (STF) its tasked to maintain the Constitution, and any constitutional matter.

The Superior Court of Justice (STJ) is responsible in ensuring the interpretation of Federal law across the nation.

The Regional Federal Courts (TRFs) oversees cases involving federal law. Since Brazil in divides in 5 regions, its region has its own federal court.

The First Instance Court (Juizados) is responsible in hearing lower cases in both civil and criminal matters.

Each state has its own court system.

The Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS -Sistema Único de Saúde) was first introduced by the new constitution in 1988, where it said that public health is a right for everyone. Only in 1990 that the system was approved.

The Ministry of Health is responsible for national coordination.

Through SUS people can get free primarily health care, mental care, maternity care, immunization, dental care, vision care, organ transplant, oncology treatment, even medical Equipements, such as wheelchairs, and much more.

However, there are a few flaws in the system, Yet it's still extremely beneficial and available to anyone.

The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It's located in South America, and 60% of it it's founded in Brazil.

Brazil has 26 states plus the District Federal.

Brasilia is the capital of Brazil.

5th largest country in the world, by area.

Divided in 5 regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South.

Biomes: Amazon rainforest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna), Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pampas and Pantanal.

Brazil is part of a number of international organizations. Here are some of them:

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

UN - United Nations.

WHO - World Health Organization.

G20.

Mercosur. It's a regional trade bloc. Its members are Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia. Their goals are to promote more trade, less tariffs with its regional countries.

The current administration view on strength those relations and seek to achieve more leadership on those organizations.

Carnival is one of the most famous parties in Brazil and in the world. Carnival or Carnaval in Portugues marks the beginning of lent. Is a 4-day celebration, that starts on Friday, and it ends on Tuesday before ash-Wednesday.

The most famous places to visit during this time of the year are Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, São Paulo and Recife.

The parties go from public parties (known as street carnival or Blocos de rua) to private ones.

In the movie Rio from 2010, it gives an insight on the celebration in Rio de Janeiro. More focused in the Sapucai, which is where the Samba Schools compete during this time of the year.

Samba schools are community groups that spends most of the year preparing costumes, performances, music, and on the Saturday after Carnival ends the Champions Parade (Desfile das Campeãs), Where the 6 most voted school parades on last time.

Brazil's economy grew 2.9% in 2023. The country is viewed to have a slow growth in the coming years.

Brazil is the 9th country with the highest GPD. Although, the country faces a lot of social inequality, which it can explain the slow growth.

Children born today will have 55% of productivity having full access to healthcare and education.

The Agricultural sector has been growing and has been very successful. Though deforestation plays a huge and negative role in it.

The goal of the new government is to achieve zero illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030.

The government ecological plan views to promote a greener economy, climate change and more well-paid jobs.

The happiness index is 6.27. The country is ranked 44th in the world.

The current administration has focused on strengthening democratic institutions and addressing social inequality.

Brazil Overview. World Bank, 2023, www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil/overview.

Brazil Population (2023). Worldometer, 2023, www.worldometers.info/world-population/brazil-population/.

Brazil: Happiness Index. TheGlobalEconomy.com, www.theglobaleconomy.com/Brazil/happiness/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2025.

Brazil's Constitution of 1988 with Amendments through 2017. Constitute Project, 2017, www.constituteproject.org.

“Biomas e Regiões do Brasil.” Serviço Map, 2019, www.servicemap.com.br/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Biomes-and-Regions-of-Brazil-South-America-768x848.png.

“Brazil’s Role in Global Affairs.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, carnegieendowment.org.

“Carnival in Brazil: When, Where & How to Celebrate.” Rainforest Cruises, www.rainforestcruises.com.

“Floresta Amazônica.” InfoEscola, www.infoescola.com/biomas/floresta-amazonica/.

“Historical Highlights.” Insight Guides, www.insightguides.com/destinations/south-america/brazil/historical-highlights.

“Participation in International Organizations.” Ministério das Relações Exteriores, www.gov.br/mre.

“Structure and Powers of the Executive Branch in Brazil.” Public Administration Institute, pubadmin.institute.