pediatrics by

Infections in Children and Adolescents

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-24 13:02:41 UTC

Meningitis

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-24 13:03:08 UTC

Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain which is limited to the meninges and does not spread to brain tissue.
Caused by a virus or a bacteria.
Viral meningitis is less severe than bacterial meningitis.
bacterial meningitis might lead to permanent disabilities and permanent hearing loss.

TREATMENT

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 12:41:56 UTC

Need immediate hospital care
MEDICATION : Children under a month receive ampicillin and cefotaxime while older receive ceftriaxone.

SYMPTOMS & DIAGNOSIS

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 12:42:32 UTC

Bacterial meningitis:

High fever, headaches, vomiting, a lower level of consciousness and a stiff neck in older adults.
lower level of consciousness and sensitivity to being touched in smaller children.
Viral meningitis patients have common cold and other symptoms resembling to bacterial meningitis but overall the symptoms are less severe and patient looks fine.

DIAGNOSIS
CRP, Blood count and Blood cultures.

SEPSIS

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 12:46:16 UTC

It is an inflammatory reaction caused when bacteria have entered the circulation.
Severe sepsis can lead to multiple organ dysfunction.
Pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, staphylococcus aureus, haemofilus influenzae type B and escherichia coli.

SYMPTOMS

Hypothermia, heat stress, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis or leukopenia
Low blood pressure, SPO2 <95%

TREATMENT(Adjunctive therapy)

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 20:34:22 UTC

RBC transfusions are done in case of low Hb.
Maintenance of blood sugar.

Neonatal sepsis

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 20:41:09 UTC

Life-threatening, rapidly progressing disease and non-specific
pathogens are usually located in the birth canal and mothers blood during pregnancy.
Difficulties with breathing
A combination of penicillin and aminoglycosides is usually used

EPILEPSY

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 20:59:14 UTC

Neurological disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness

Symptoms

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 21:03:43 UTC

Consciousness disorders, Involuntary rhythmic tics, stiffening and muscle hypotonia,
Automatisms, feeling fearful and fits of rage, inability to speak or maintain a limb in a certain position, absent-mindedness, delays in speech & development.

DIAGNOSIS :

Previous medical history, frequency, intensity of the seizures.
Electroencephalography & head magnetic resonance imaging, & MRI.
These febrile seizures, affective symptoms, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, trauma, poisoning, syncope’s, night terrors, vibratory seizures and narcolepsy are ruled out before diagnosis.

Seizure Management

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 21:12:25 UTC

Maintaining a metabolic balance
Refrain from alcohol, flashlights, and staying up late.
Regular and sufficient medication.
A ketogenic diet.
Preventing infections.

Epilepsy seizure:

rajesh_kharel — 2018-11-25 21:13:36 UTC

Temporary disturbance in brain function causing consciousness disorders, movement symptoms, sensory symptoms, autonomic, and psychological symptoms.
Causes; genetic, structural-metabolic, and unknown. Classifications; Focal & Generalized seizures.