Map by Evan McIntyre

Treaty 1

em208 — 2025-06-02 19:06:03 UTC

First Nations people signed treaty 1 to establish a means of coexisting with settlers, ensuring their survival in the face of drastic changes and arival of settlers

Treaty 2

em208 — 2025-06-02 19:13:24 UTC

This treaty established peace and goodwill with the British crown and to secure certain rights and benefits in exchange for relinquishing land

Treaty 3

em208 — 2025-06-02 19:18:25 UTC

First Nations peoples signed Treaty 3 with the Canadian government in 1873 primarily to preserve their way of life and ensure their continued access to land and resources.

Treaty 4

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The First Nations people signed treaty 4 to adapt to the changing circumstances of their time and secure resources and protection for their people.

Treaty 5

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First Nations people signed treaty 5 for economic support, land security, and protection from settlers.

Treaty 6

em208 — 2025-06-05 19:26:01 UTC

First Nations people signed this treaty to secure their future and ensure their continued existence as distinct nations.

Treaty 7

em208 — 2025-06-13 18:37:25 UTC

First Nations signed Treaty 7 in part to address concerns about the declining buffalo population, increasing disease outbreaks, and the growing influx of non-Indigenous settlers into their territory.

Treaty 8

em208 — 2025-06-13 18:38:25 UTC

First Nations signed Treaty 8 in 1899 to ensure a degree of protection and recognition of their traditional ways of life in the face of increased settlement and resource extraction in northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and parts of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.

Treaty 9

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First Nations signed Treaty 9 to protect their rights, including the right to govern their lands, hunt, and fish, as well as to ensure their traditional lifestyles would be maintained.

Treaty 10

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First Nations signed Treaty 10 to ensure their future and the continuation of their way of life, seeking the promised benefits of reserves, education, farming supplies, and the right to hunt, trap, and fish.

Treaty 11

em208 — 2025-06-13 18:47:58 UTC

First Nations signed Treaty 11, also known as the Tlicho Agreement, in part to gain access to the land and natural resources. They also sought protection for their traditional way of life, including hunting, fishing, and trapping rights, and to ensure they would be free from restrictions on their way of life.

Fur Trade

em208 — 2025-06-13 19:02:42 UTC

The fur trade was a major economic and cultural exchange between Indigenous peoples and Europeans in North America, primarily from the early 17th to the mid-19th centuries. Driven by European demand for furs, particularly beaver pelts for felt hats, the trade spurred exploration, colonization, and significant cultural interactions.

British Conquest

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The historical process by which Great Britain gained control over various territories, expanding its influence and ultimately forming the British Empire.

Settlement of North America

em208 — 2025-06-16 18:58:40 UTC

The settlement of North America refers to the process by which various European powers established colonies and permanent settlements across the continent, primarily during the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

Life of first nations

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The diverse Indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. It encompasses a wide range of distinct cultures, languages, and traditions, with over 630 First Nations communities across Canada.

Robert Latimer Case

em208 — 2025-06-16 19:09:20 UTC

Robert William Latimer born March 13, 1953 is a Canadian canola and wheat farmer who was convicted of second degree murder in the death of his daughter Tracy Lynn Latimer born November 23, 1980 – October 24, 1993.

New France

em208 — 2025-06-16 19:20:16 UTC

This was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

Acadian Explusion

em208 — 2025-06-16 19:28:30 UTC

This was the forced removal of Acadian people from their homes in Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) by British authorities starting in 1755. This event involved the deportation of thousands of Acadians to other British colonies and France, resulting in significant loss of life and cultural disruption.

The main way the Europeans traveled to Canada

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Jacques Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France.

Seven Years War

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:10:39 UTC

The Seven Years War 1756-1763 was a global conflict primarily involving Great Britain and Prussia on one side, and France, Austria, and their allies on the other.

Where the Acadians were sent

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he Acadian Exile in Massachusetts 1755-1766. Beginning in 1755, nearly 10,000 French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, also known as the Acadians, had their homes and property confiscated and were forcibly deported to other British colonies in America.

Start of the CPR

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American contractor Andrew Onderdonk was selected, and his men began construction on May 15, 1880. In October 1880, a new consortium signed a contract with the Macdonald government, agreeing to build the railway for $25 million in credit and 25 million acres (100,000 km2) of land.

The end of the CPR

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:17:55 UTC

On October 29, 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail, a new federal Crown corporation that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN.

Battle of Batoche

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:20:10 UTC

Fought from May 9 to 12, 1885, at the ad hoc Provisional Government of Saskatchewan capital of Batoche, the greater numbers and superior firepower of General Frederick Middleton's force eventually overwhelmed the Métis fighters.

First Residental School

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:22:35 UTC

The Mohawk Institute Residential School, also known as the "Mush Hole", is considered one of the first residential schools in Canada. It was established in 1831 and operated until 1970.

Last Residental School

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The last federally-funded residential school in Canada to close was Kivalliq Hall in Rankin Inlet, which closed in 1997.

The Birth of Louis Riel

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Louis Riel was a Métis leader who played a pivotal role in the Red River and North-West Resistances. He led the Red River Resistance, establishing a provisional government and advocating for Métis rights during the transition of Rupert's Land to Canada.

The death of Louis Riel

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:30:07 UTC

Louis Riel was executed by hanging in Regina, Saskatchewan, on November 16, 1885, after being found guilty of high treason for his role in the North-West Rebellion.

First Province to join confederation

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:32:29 UTC

Ontario, originally part of the Province of Canada, joined the Confederation in 1867 primarily to resolve political deadlock, address defense concerns, and facilitate trade between the British North American colonies.

Last Province to join confederation

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Newfoundland joined Canada primarily due to a combination of economic hardship, the desire for improved living standards, and the influence of Joey Smallwood.

House of Commons

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:37:43 UTC

The House of Commons is crucial because it is where elected Members of Parliament (MPs) debate, scrutinize the government, and pass laws that affect the lives of Canadians.

The birth of John A Macdonald

em208 — 2025-06-17 18:39:59 UTC

John A. Macdonald was important as Canada's first Prime Minister, serving for 19 years, and for his role in expanding Canada's territory and establishing key national institutions. He is also known for his economic policies aimed at developing Canada's internal market.