https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp en-us 2022-10-12 21:30:05 UTC 2022-10-16 16:15:05 UTC hello@padlet.com aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338116027 Anaphylaxis is the most rapid and severe hypersensitivity reaction that occurs due to a specific antigen. It can occur within minutes of exposure to the antigen and can be either systemic (generalized) or cutaneous (localized).]]> 2022-10-13 04:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338116027 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338122403 itching, erythema, headaches, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and breathing difficulties]]> 2022-10-13 04:47:27 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338122403 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338123682 contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, laryngeal edema, and vascular collapse and decreased blood pressure that can lead to shock and death]]> 2022-10-13 04:48:44 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338123682 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338127128 pain, swelling, and redness, which occur at the site of exposure to an antigen]]> 2022-10-13 04:52:07 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2338127128 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2339084715 There are two stages to type I hypersensitivity reactions.

1. Sensitization: 
Some people have genes that make their T helper cells more sensitive to certain antigens. These T helper cells bind to the antigen presenting cells (dendritic cell or macrophage) that are presenting the allergen and a co-stimulating molecule. The T cell release cytokines to tell B cells to begin making IgE antibodies to fight against the allergen. These antibodies attach to mast cells.

2. Subsequent Disorder:
Once the patient is exposed for a second time to the same allergen in the future, the now coated mast cells bind to the allergen and degranulate, releasing pro inflammatory mediators like histamine. Which cause edema, swelling, urticaria, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).]]> 2022-10-13 16:25:22 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2339084715 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2339100108 Antihistamines can be used to block histamines effects, reducing vascular permeability and bronchospasm.

Corticosteroids can be used to decrease the inflammatory response.

Epinephrine can be administered during serious reactions to restrict blood vessels, dilate bronchioles, and reverse the effects of anaphylactic shock.

Albuterol (a beta agonist) can also be used during anaphylaxis to dilate bronchioles.]]> 2022-10-13 16:35:49 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2339100108 shafley09 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2340936557 2022-10-14 19:59:43 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2340936557 shafley09 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2340937951 2022-10-14 20:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2340937951 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341464010 Anaphylaxis conforms to the traditional definition of hypersensitivity type 1]]> 2022-10-15 18:01:32 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341464010 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341500416 khanacademymedicine. (2014, November 25). Anaphylactic shock | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved October 15, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sX97LcDpgzo

]]> 2022-10-15 19:40:39 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341500416 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341500726 McCance, S.H. K. Pathophysiology. [Pageburstls]. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9780323583473/]]> 2022-10-15 19:41:31 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341500726 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341503829 A healthcare provider will ask questions about previous allergic reactions and the specific symptoms that ensued after exposure.

In order to confirm a diagnosis, a healthcare provider may order a blood test to measure the amount of an enzyme called tryptase which can be elevated up to three hours after the initial exposure.

A skin test or a blood test can be given in order to identify a specific trigger to determine an allergy.]]> 2022-10-15 19:50:53 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341503829 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341506937 Anaphylaxis - Symptoms and causes. (2021, October 2). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 15, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anaphylaxis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351468]]> 2022-10-15 19:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341506937 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341510389 The article explains the mortality rates and risk factors associated with specific anaphylaxic reactions. 

For fatal drug anaphylaxis cardiovascular disease and older age increase the risk.
For fatal food anaphylaxis, those in their 20's and 30's are at the highest risk. 
For fatal venom anaphylaxis middle age, male sex, white race, and cardiovascular disease increase risk.]]> 2022-10-15 20:08:49 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341510389 aasegura97 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341512252 Turner PJ, Jerschow E, Umasunthar T, Lin R, Campbell DE, Boyle RJ. Fatal Anaphylaxis: Mortality Rate and Risk Factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 Sep-Oct;5(5):1169-1178. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.031. PMID: 28888247; PMCID: PMC5589409.]]> 2022-10-15 20:14:04 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341512252 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341628030
The presentation depends on the organs that are involved. In general, a patient that presents with a type I hypersensitivity usually develops a reaction within one hour after exposure to an antigen. 

There is increased vascular permeability, peripheral vasodilation, and smooth muscle contraction, which can manifest to increased mucous secretions, bronchospasm, abdominal cramping, rhinitis, and potentially hypovolemia or hypoxia. Pulmonary edema or general edema can also occur due to fluid shifting into interstitial space. Individuals can experience pruritis and local response of asthma or a systemic response of anaphylaxis]]> 2022-10-16 03:26:19 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341628030 https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341628320 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560561/]]> 2022-10-16 03:27:19 UTC https://padlet.com/aasegura97/g0ltidkdbw4y3orp/wish/2341628320