In Europe, the investigated four countries belong to three different biogeographical areas: the Mediterranean (Portugal, Greece), the Pannonian (Hungary) and the Atlantic region (Belgium).
Colombia is located in the Neotropical biogeographic area and its territory is also located in three biodiversity hotspots: Caribbean Islands, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena and Tropical Andes.
The Philippines is identified as one of the world's biologically richest countries.
This diversity has an impact on the selected and described plants.

Since the individual reports are from such different plantareas in six countries, the ranking for risk status was derived from the red lists of each country. But there are references and comparisons to IUCN's International (Union for Conservation of Nature) Red list too. 

The main threats and the measures for conservation that have been put into practice in the different plantareas/countries will be noted.

Recreational activities such as hiking, mountaineering or walking are the second biggest factor causing species to be directly or indirectly threatened. Ecosystems frequented by humans often notice a decrease in quality and the plants are in danger of being trampled.

Wild plant collection of threatened plant species is a mayor threat in the Southern part of Europe.

Urban and tourism development as well as transport infrastructure are mentioned in every country as a serous threat.

Some of the 40 species studied are found in rocky areas, on cliffs, in scree or instable substrate and are vulnerable to geological events such as landslides and avalanches (Portugal). Fires can have devastating effects on plant populations (Greece).

_{Institutes and organizations for nature, and Management Authorities (National Parks) are also responsible for the application of the measures, usually by monitoring, and conducting scientific research, data collection and educational projects.}

LIFE is the EU’s financial instrument supporting environmental and nature conservation projects.

http://www.hbs.gr/en/activities/publications/24-1, accessed 25 March  2019.

Van Landuyt W., Gyselings R.,  T’jollyn F., Vanden Broeck A. 2014. Groenknolorchis (Liparis loeselii)
in Vlaanderen. Ecologie, populatiedynamica en potenties. Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek (INBO), 63pp.
https://pureportal.inbo.be/portal/files/6049673/INBO_R_2014_2942320web.pdf

Hamilton A, Hamilton P.
Plant Conservation: An Ecosystem Approach. 2006. Routledge.

Pereira A.J., Porto M., Carapeto A., Gomes C.T., Chozas S.,  Marabuto E.. 2019. Linaria ricardoi Cout. - distribution map. Flora-On: Flora of Interactive Portugal, Portuguese Society of Botany.
http://www.flora-on.pt/#wLinaria+ricardoi. accessed 21 March 2019.

Király, G. 2007. Vörös Lista. A magyarországi edényes flóra veszélyeztetett fajai [Red list of the vascular flora of Hungary]. Sopron: Private edition.

Greek flora, amateur's blog, Orphys Argolica status in Greece. https://www.greekflora.gr/el/flowers/1469/Ophrys-argolica, accessed 28 March 2019.

Flora Hellenica, amateur's blog, Fritillaria Obliqua. http://florahellenica.blogspot.com/2011/10/fritillaria-obliqua.html, accessed 28 March 2019.

Cárdenas, D., & Salinas, N. 2007. Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Volumen 4. Especies maderables amenazadas: Primera parte (Vol. 4). Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas "SINCHI".

Calderón Sáenz, E. 2017. Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Vol. 6. Orquídeas, primera parte.

Calderón, E., Galeano, G., & García, N. 2005. Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Volumen 2: Palmas, frailejones y zamias.

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau. Philippine Teak (Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f.). 2017.
http://erdb.denr.gov.ph/2017/11/07/volume-29-no-1-philippine-teak-tectona-philippinensis-benth-hook-f/, accessed 23 March 2019.

Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE). Green infrastructure.

https://biodiversity.europa.eu/topics/green-, accessed 23 March 2019.

Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE). LIFE+ Nature and Biodiversity Projects. 

https://biodiversity.europa.eu/topics/life-nature-and-biodiversity-, accessed 23 March 2019.

Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE). Protected areas.

https://biodiversity.europa.eu/topics/protected-areas, , accessed 23 March 2019.

What is The IUCN Red List?

https://www.iucnredlist.org/, accessed 23 March 2019.

What is CITES?
https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/, accessed 23 March 2019.

https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medio-ambiente/se-disparo-la-tasa-de-deforestacion-en-colombia-articulo-701754, accessed 28 March 2019. 

Colombia se enfrenta a grandes retos para no seguir perdiendo su biodiversidad.
http://www.wwf.org.co/?221935/Colombia-se-enfrenta-a-grandes-retos-para-no-seguir-perdiendo-su-biodiversidad,  

accessed 28 March 2019. 

Portugal, Greece, Hungary: 

Portugal, Greece, Philippines:
disturbance by humans (tourism)

Portugal, Greece: 

Portugal, Hungary : 
genetic factors (reproductive factors intrinsic to the species, genetic hybridization)

Portugal, Belgium :
habitat degradation (debris deposition, changes on the level and/or composition of groundwater)
Colombia, Belgium:
the threat of a disease that manifests itself with a gradual drying of the leaves until the death of the plant (Ceroxylon quindiuense), causing leaf loss (Fraxinus excelsior)

Hungary: 

Greece : wildfires (major threat for areas of Attica region-Athens)

The individual reports are from six different countries in different biogeographical areas (Philippines, Colombia, Belgium, Portugal, Greece, Hungary). The ranking for risk status was derived from the Red Lists of each country. But there are references and comparisons to IUCN's (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red list too. 

The main threats for all countries are habitat loss and degradation due to conversion of land for agricultural activities and livestock, construction or roads and residencies (urbanization), overgrazing, overexploitation for commercial and industrial use, disturbance from human activities (e.g. recreation, litter, treading) and animals (treading, parasites).

The measures for conservation that have been put into practice in the different countries are described, based on laws legislated by governments, European Union's programs etc. 

We noticed that in some cases scientific data is limited or scientific results have not been published yet.

The suggestions are intended to stimulate projects involving several entities: schools and institutions linked to the protection of nature. Cultivation from individuals (as ornamental plant) could also be encouraged.

Other actions could be:

In countries outside Europe, strict implementation of the law by the law enforcement officers and concerned agencies is more than ever necessary.

Other factors that threaten plant species in the country are the drying of wetlands and the traffic of ornamental plants (wild collection plant), especially orchids, heliconeas and zamias. Colombia does not have good legislation or control over this extraction activity.

_{Despite the government's commitment to reduce the net rate of deforestation in the Amazon to zero by 2020 in 2015, during the Climate Change Summit in Paris, deforestation increased by 44% in the following year.}

The species is protected in Hungary but not listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List (LC). 

species' ecological requirements, maintenance of occurrence, especially with low use of herbicides. Raising the

awareness of farmers and landowners for this type of management is key to conserving the species. Such as the

implementation of repopulation actions in areas less subject to the use of herbicides, such as roadsides, olive groves, or

biological crops.