The most famous and believed conspiracy theory is the flat earth. There is a large community of flat earthers in the world but especially in the United States. The flat earth society believes that the fact that the Earth is a globe is a myth and is based on elements that it judges undeniable, which everyone can see. For example, one of their most solid evidence is that the sea level is horizontal, that we can’t see the end, and if the Earth was a globe, the sea would flow. It’s an element which has been scientifically disapproved. Another evidence of the flat earth is religious. In fact, in the Bible, it is written that the Earth is flat. The flat earth society also has explanations to things that proves that the Earth is flat, like the “Pac Man effect” which explain why airplanes don’t fall off the edge of the flat earth. A speaker named Darren Nesbit invented this “Pac Man effect” and said that when a plane or an object arrives at the edge of the horizon, like Pac Man reaches the end of the screen, that object is teleported from one side of the planet to the other. It is the most interesting evidence of the flat earth society, and it’s confirms that this community goes against science. Another conspiracy theory well known is the fact that nobody went on the Moon. It is said that the American government created this lie to show the American superiority on Russia in their space race, during the Cold War. They prove their theory with evidence like the flag that is fluttering in the video or the stars that we can’t see. These are the most famous conspiracy theories but there are a lot more like the murder of John F Kennedy which has been organized by the CIA or the existence of a secret society named the Illuminatis which are reptiles governing the United States. I will now explain why these theories are so much believed. 

Daphné

 

I) The organization of the country

Egypt is geographically part of Africa, but its culture seems to be closer to Middle East countries. In addition, most countries in North Africa were populated by nomadic people, who raised cattle in the desert, but the exception was Egypt, that had something precious, that made the country very rich, crossing its lands: The Nile. Indeed, the Egyptians were cultivators, contrary to other North African people, that lived in the desert.

The banks of the Nile were very green and damp, because once a year, the Nile floods submerged them. It was very good for culture, and here’s the point: all this activity required an organization, because of the floods, somebody that would control the culture, rule what to do during the Nile floods, the provisions, the exportation, separation of plots… This is why pharaohs appeared. A leader was needed, to rule the lands, the people and their plots.

Louis-Gabriel Normand

In this article I am going to present you the diversity of the Basque Country in terms of sports landscapes and the quantity of great celebrations. I will also introduce you to his traditions. Just to present, the Basque Country is located in the southwest of France, it is a destination that has become very touristic because of its temperate climate and beautiful landscapes.

To introduce this, we are going to show you the diversity of the landscapes. You should know that in the Basque Country there is a great diversity of landscapes with cities such as Bayonne, coasts such as Biarritz and mountains such as Cambo-les-Bain. Its beautiful because all landscapes are very close, for example, the distance between Ustaritz and Biarritz is only 17 km as we go from the mountains to the sea. Also, the fauna is very varied on this vast territory. The flora of the Basque Country is varied and different according to altitude and climate. On the coast, the flora is adapted to the maritime conditions, so we can find gorse, heather, serapia tongue and sea crithme. The hilly landscape is dominated by grassy meadows and moorland.

Jules

In the first part, I’m going to talk about the history of chess, when was it created? Where ? ... In a second part, I’ll teach you how to move of each piece. In the last part, I’m going to describe a chess game, the different steps, the most known techniques…

 

 

1)   The history of the game

 

The history of chess goes back to the 6^th century but the place it was invented is still debated between Northern India, China or Persia. The game spread in the world with conquests and wars. When the Arabs conquered Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world which, later, spread it up to Europe.

 

The moves of the pieces changed a bit in the 16^th century in Europe. But more than 1500 years later the game is still nearly the same. In the 20^th century, chess theories advanced and the World Chess Federation was created. Currently, Chess engines and data bases are very important to perfectionate the players. In 1997, the current world champion Garry Kasparov, was beaten by Deep Blue in New-York, the dominance of computers in the chess world had just begun.

 

 

Alexandre GUILBERT

Everybody knows what Formula 1 is in the big lines. But once you dig a little bit into this sport, you start to see what makes this incredible motorsport so unique. So, in this article, you will learn more about Formula 1, from its legendary drivers to its biggest events and understand why it is the most popular motorsport in the world. 

 

How does a Formula 1 championship works? 

Since 1950, every year, around 20 drivers and 10 teams compete for the World Drivers and Constructor Championship in single-seater cars. These cars are the very fastest race cars in the world, but we’ll get into that later. The “Formula” in the name refers to the different rules to which every car must conform and the “One” refers to the fact that the Formula 1 championship is the highest class of single-seater racing as there is also Formula 2,3 and 4. A Formula One season consists of a series of races called Grands Prix that takes place every week or two weeks on racetracks and sometimes street circuits. A Grand Prix consist of three phases that makes the Weekend.

 It begins on Friday with 2 free practice sessions during which drivers can practice around the track and adapt their car’s settings for the race. 

On Saturday, the last and third free practice session takes place as well as the qualifications session. During this session, the drivers try to make the fastest lap possible around the circuit to determine the grid (their starting place) for the race. So if you make the fastest and thus the shortest time, then you start first on the race’s grid, if you make the 13^th shortest time then you start 13^th on the grid and so on. 

Finally, on Sunday, the main event takes place, the race where the goal is to be the first to finish all the laps around the track. You get points for the championship depending on what place you finished the race. Just like this: 

You get a bonus point if you make the fastest lap of the race but only if you’re at 10^th place minimum.           

The Champion is the one with the most points at the end of the season. There are 2 drivers per team so a constructor’s points is the addition of it’s 2 drivers points.


(file with pictures that gives more explanation can be found here : Formula 1.docx)

 

     Today, rap music is the type of music most listened in France, it is very popular for young people. Rap music breaks all the records, for example in 2017, 86 of the 200 most listened albums belong to the category of urban music. This music is also very and mainly listened on the streaming platforms like Spotify, Deezer or Appple Music. In this article, we are gonna first see the best French albums that came out in 2020, then we will learn who are the artists to follow this year and to finish we will learn some interesting facts about rap music and artists.

 

I.               The best French albums of 2020 (for the moment)

     Actually, 90 albums came out in 2020, in 4 months. Of course I didn’t listen this 90 albums, because it’s a big number and all the artists are not really known. Even if I listened « only » 19 of the 90 albums and I don’t share everyone’s tastes, I think I can name the 10 best albums which came out this year. 

 

1.     Ninho – M.I.L.S 3.   The french artist gave his sixth project, with the third M.I.L.S (a series of albums of the same name). With the Covid 19, this project didn’t came out in physical, but it didn’t stop it from selling 41 644 copies in the first week. In only 1 month and 1 day, this disc was certified platinum (more than 100 000 sales). This project is one of the best of 2020, because of the artist, the quality of the songs and the feats.

 

2.     DA Uzi – Architecte.   The young artist gave his first album, after a very successful mixtape in 2019. This album is one of the best I’ve ever listened, he chose to put 19 songs including 5 feats (Ninho, Maes, SCH, Mister You, Alonzo). His disc came out one week ago, so it’s not certified but I’m sure i twill be gold or platinum.

 

3.     Maes – LDS.   Maes, with his third album, gave his best project. His disc is actually certified platinum. Maes gave a 14 songs’ project, with 3 feats (Jul, Ninho, Booba). His album is really a good album, because the songs as the feats are really successful.

 

4.     Josman –  SPLIT.   Josman is not one of the most listened artists, but his album SPLIT is one oh the bests I have listened. Josman was inspired by the movie Split, which presents a man with 23 personalities. Josman have proposed 23 songs, showing 23 personalities. He invited 5 artists (Chily, Hamza, Zed, Seth Gueko, Leto) and proposed a very good album, maybe the most successful of his 5 projects.

 

5.     Mister V – MVP.   The youtuber and rapper gave his second album and the best one. His disc is actually certified gold. He put 18 songs in it, including 3 feats with PLK, Jul and Dosseh. This album is one of the best of the year, but I’m sure that Mister V can do even better even if MVP is already a very good album.

 

6.     Larry – Cité blanche.   Larry gave his first project and a very good one. Even if he is very young, if he’s an artist in whom we have a lot of hope and if he had a lot of pressure, he gave a good album. His disc is a great one but he can do better and he will.

 

7.     Timal – Caliente.   It is Timal’s second album, in line of his first album « Trop chaud ». He put 17 songs, including 3 feats (Maes, PLK, Leto). This album is a really good one, but Timal’s style is very particular and doesn’t please everyone. 

 

8.     Bosh – Synkinisi.   Bosh is one of the actor of the series Validé, which gave him more visibility even if he’s not a very famous rapper. Bosh gave his second project and a very good one, with 15 songs including 3 feats (Tigers, SCH, Leroy Menace). This album is not for everyone, because it is in a dark ambiance.

 

9.     Soolking – Vintage.   Soolking gave his second project, in his particular style. The rapper chose to put 21 songs including 9 feats (Cheb Mami, Dadju, SCH, MERO, Heuss, Gambi, Jul/Kliff, 13 Block, Ghali). Soolking is an artist of summer and he showed it in his album.

 

10.  Junior Bvendo – Menace.   The young rapper gave his second album, with 19 songs including 5 feats (Popey, T2R, Driks, Guy 2 Bezbar, Shotas). Junior Bvendo gave a successful album, in his style. It’s not an incredible album but it’s a good one.

 

     It was the 10 best albums of 2020, even if a lot of albums will come out in the next weeks and months.

II.               The 10 artists you have to follow this year

     This year will be very interesting in rap music, some big artists will give their albums and some young artists will turn out. But this year you have to follow some of them. We will discover who and why. 

 

1.     Ninho : Even if he has already gave a project this year, it’s important to take care of his activitie this year. Ninho broke all the records last year and will continue in 2020. He was in featuring on all the albums and his album Destin had a great success (2019). His mixtape M.I.L.S 3 had success this year and he maybe will do a second one. Moreover there are rumors about a joint album with Niska or Leto. So tahe care to his actuallity.

 

2.     Damso : Damso actually gave 3 projects and will give his maybe last album this year. The Belgian is one of the most important figures in francophone rap and if his next album is the last, you have to take care of him. Even if last year he wasn’t really present on the scene, he’s still there and will show it in 2020. Personnaly I look forward to this album.

 

3.     Zola : His first project came out in 2019 and what a project ! Zola gave an excellent album and has a very difficult task : do better or as well. When you gave a first project of this level it’s almost impossible not to disappoint its audience because people expects he will do better. So let’s se how Zola is gonna do to keep his project at the level of the previous one.

 

4.     Leto : Leto is not the most famous of the rappers but I think  he will be awesome this year. Leto’s last album was good but not as good as he can do and after that, he released songs in a different style and I think his community prefers this style. So let’s do what he will do with this and if he will answer to the expectations.

 

5.     Jul : Even if the rapper from Marseille is very criticized it’s impossible to deny that he’s a machine. He releases two or more albums per year, that’s incredible. In addition he will release a project named La Machine in June. So follow this monster of the music industry.

 

6.     PLK : PLK gave 2 successful projects in 2019 : an album and a mixtape. He became very popular and can’t disappoint his fans. He actually gave one album per year so even if he didn’t announce anything, we can think he will release an album in 2020. Even if he’s young, he’s an influential figure of the scene and he will be very waited.

 

7.     SCH : The French rapper surprised everyone in 2019, releasing his album Rooftop, when everyone thought he was going to release JVLIVS volume 2, the following of JVLIVS, an album across which he narrated the story of a fictive character inspired of his life named Julius. So let’s follow him and see if the volume 2 will release this year.

 

8.     Larry : The « Prince of Strasbourg », Larry, released his first project last year, a good album but not as good as he can do. So I can advise you to follow his actuallity this year, because he may will give a new album and we hope that he will do a very good album.

 

9.     Dinor rdt : Dinor rdt has the dream life of some people, he became famous in the rap and he’s in the training club of an Italian football club : Sassuolo. Concerning his rap carreer he gave his first album last year, a pretty goood one, and may will release a new one this year. So follow this young artist because he will do a good year.

 

10.  Vald : Vald is one of the most appreciated rappers in France it’s deserved. With a good voice and a good feather, Vald showed his talent in his 7 projects. Last year, according to me, he released his best album and I wait him this year because he can break the records. So let’s take care of his actuallity in 2020.

 

     That was my 10 artists you have to follow in 2020, I hope you liked this list and you agree with it.

 

III.             Did you know it ?

     For the last part of the article I will present 5 ianecdotes about French rap music.

 

1.     Ninho is the artist who has the biggest number of diamond singles, with 11 ones. In second place you have the duo PNL, with 10 ones.

 

2.     Ninho’s studio has been burnt recently. 3 platinum discs of the artist were exposed in.

 

3.     Sneazzy didn’t accept to be in featuring on Nekfeu’s album : Les étoiles vagabondes because Nekfeu didn’t go at Sneazzy’s birthday.

 

4.     Au DD, one of PNL’s songs, is the most listened music on Spotify France, dethroning Shape of you of Ed Sheeran.

 

5.     During the confinement, Jul reaped 306 505 € for the hospitals.

 

     Thank you for reading my article, I hope you liked it.