4E Coordination Chapters Summary by Tze Liang Foo https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary Choose any two sections from below to give examples how the chemical/organ/system contributes to coordination of changes that the human body experiences. en-us 2016-03-23 00:34:45 UTC 2025-03-05 05:44:07 UTC hello@padlet.com Hormones foo_tze_liang https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322359977 2025-02-10 11:02:38 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322359977 Homeostasis foo_tze_liang https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322360288 2025-02-10 11:02:48 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322360288 Nervous System foo_tze_liang https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322360411 2025-02-10 11:02:57 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322360411 Eye foo_tze_liang https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322360496 2025-02-10 11:03:02 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3322360496 islets of Langerhans (shanice) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328313088 release hormones into bloodstream

]]> 2025-02-14 02:59:21 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328313088 Neurones (Yun Ying) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328313697 1) Sensory neurone

  • receptor neurone

  • transmits nerve impulses from sense organs/receptors to the central nervous system across a synapse

2) Relay neurone

  • Intermediate neruone

  • Transmits nerve impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone across a synapse

  • Are found within the central nervous system

3) Motor neurone

  • Effector neurone

  • Transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors (muscles)

]]> 2025-02-14 02:59:54 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328313697 motor neurone (ziwei) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328314073 transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors

]]> 2025-02-14 03:00:10 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328314073 sensory neuron (vernice) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328314671 transmits nerve impulses from the sense organs or receptors to the central nervous system

]]> 2025-02-14 03:00:33 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328314671 insulin (jeanette)(hormones) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328314699 insulin is secreted by the islets of langerhans and it increases the permeability of of body cells to glucose which increases the uptake of glucose by cells

]]> 2025-02-14 03:00:34 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328314699 Glucagon (Joni) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328315383

  • secreted by islets of Langerhans

  • increases blood glucose concentration by stimulating the conversion of glycogen into glucose and the conversion of fats and amino acids into glucose

    • ]]>     2025-02-14 03:01:10 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328315383     relay neurone (chloe) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328315937 transmit nerve impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:01:39 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328315937     relay neurone (shanice) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328315960 transmits nerve impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:01:41 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328315960     Effects of Insulin (Yun Ying) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328317402

  • Decreases the blood glucose concentration

  • Makes cell membranes more permeable to glucose, allowing more glucose to diffuse into the liver and muscle cells

  • Stimulates the liver and muscle cells to convert excess glucose to glycogen for storage

  • Increases the use of glucose for respiration

    • ]]>     2025-02-14 03:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328317402     anti diuretic hormone (chloe) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328317641 when glomerular filtrate in the body increases, the body would lose more water and other useful substances. ADH causes the nephron will reabsorb some substances back into the body.

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328317641     insulin (yu xin) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328318071

  • increases the permeability of the cell membrane to glucose. Glucose is absorbed more quickly by the cells

  • increases the rate of respiration

  • cause the liver and muscles yo convert excess glucose to glycogen. glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles

    • ]]>     2025-02-14 03:03:21 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328318071     pupil reflex (glenda) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328318076 the pupil reflex occurs under:

    1. bright light

    • circular muscles of iris contracts

    • radial muscles of iris relax

    • pupil constricts, reducing amount of light entering the eye

    1. dim light

    • circular muscles of iris relaxes

    • radial muscles of iris contracts

    • pupil dilates, increasing amount of light entering the eye


    * circular muscles & radial muscles are antagonistic muscles

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:03:21 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328318076     cornea (vernice) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328318902 dome shaped transparent layer continuous with the sclera/ white of the eye. it refracts or bends light rays into the eye and causes the greatest refraction of light into the eye

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:04:13 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328318902     optic nerve (ziwei) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319041 transmits nerve impulses to the brain when the photoreceptors in the retina are stimulated.

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:04:22 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319041     Focusing on distant object joelyn https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319470 Ciliary muscles relax while suspensory ligaments get taut, pulling the lens. Lens become less convex and thinner. Light rays from far object focused on retina, photoreceptors get stimulated. Nerve impulses transmitted by optic nerve to the brain. The impulses is transmitted to the brain, allowing the person to see the distant object

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:04:48 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319470     antiduretic hormone (rachel) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319807 increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys and therefore decreases amount of urine formed

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:05:03 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319807     Focusing (Hui Er) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319812 Looking at near object:

    • ciliary muscles contract

    • suspensory ligaments slacken

    • lens become thicker and more convex


    Looking at distant object:

    • ciliary muscles relax

    • suspensory ligaments taut

    • lens become thinner and less convex

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:05:04 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328319812     Hypothalamus joelyn https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328322797 Regulates secretion of hormones

    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:07:27 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328322797     nervous pathway ( yu xin ) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328324952

  • light ray

  • receptors in the retina are stimulated

  • sensory neurone in the optic nerve transmits nerve impulses to the brain

  • relay neurone in the brain

  • motor neurone transmits nerve impulses from the brain to the iris

  • iris muscles (effector)

    • ]]>     2025-02-14 03:09:09 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328324952     Reflexed and the Reflex Arc (Hankun and Yiming) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328327377 Reflexes: involuntary actions that are controlled by the reflex centres

    • immediate/rapid

    • unconscious

    • automatic


    Reflex classification:

    1. Cranial (neck up) - brain controls

      Ex: blinking

    2. Spinal (neck down) - spinal cord controls

      Ex: hand removed from hot object



    Reflex Arc definition: The shortest pathway by which nerve impulses travel from receptor to effector in reflex action


    Process:

    1. Receptor/sense organ detects stimuli

    2. Sensory neurone passes nerve impulse to brain/spinal cord

    3. Relay neurones in brain/spinal cord transmit impulses

    4. Motor neurones receive impulse from relay neurones, transmit to effector muscle

    5. Effector muscle responds to stimuli


    Example of reflex arc: hot object

    1. receptors in skin stimulated by heat, nerve endings are stimulated and produce impulse

    2. sensory neurone transmits impulse to spinal cord

    3. In the spinal cord:

      First synapse: sensory to relay

      Second synapse: relay to motor

    4. Motor neurones transmit impulse to biceps

    5. Biceps muscles contract, hand withdraws suddenly


    ]]>     2025-02-14 03:10:50 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3328327377     homeostasis ( lauren ) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332014680 maintenance of a constant internal temperature

    ]]>     2025-02-18 01:39:09 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332014680     relay neuron (rachel) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332015952 transmits nerve impulses from sensory Neurone to Motor Neurone

    ]]>     2025-02-18 01:40:13 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332015952     cornea and lens (jeanette) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332019007 the light rays are refracted through the cornea onto the lens, the lens of the eye then causes further refraction an the rays are brought to a focus on the retina

    ]]>     2025-02-18 01:42:51 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332019007     Optic nerve (Hui Er) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332021156 Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

    ]]>     2025-02-18 01:44:33 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332021156     homeostatis (glenda) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332025448 negative feedback (definition): when the body is disturbed, the disturbance stimulates events to restore the system to its original state

    ]]>     2025-02-18 01:48:07 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332025448     Nervous pathway in pupil reflex (elizabeth) https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332027198 effector -> muscles and glands

    -> produces a specific response to detected stimulus


    1. stimulus in the form of change in light intensity

    2. is detected by photoreceptors in the retina

    3. sensory neurone in the optic nerve transmits nerve impulses to the relay neurone in the brain

    4. motor neurone transmits nerve impulses from the brain to the effector - iris.


    In bright light,

    • circular muscles contract

    • radial muscles relax

    • pupil constricts - reducing the amount of light entering the eye


    In dim light,

    • circular muscles relax

    • radial muscles contract

    • pupil dilates - increasing the amount of light entering the eye



    ]]>     2025-02-18 01:49:45 UTC https://padlet.com/foo_tze_liang/4Eco_ordsummary/wish/3332027198