• Hard coal was the fuel for the steam engines. 
• The steam engines initially pumped the water from coal mines. Then textile machines were driven and finally the railways were moved. 
• Iron and steel are valuable raw materials that were used almost exclusively for armor or weapons.

"The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing"

• What is called the first Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-18th century to about 1830 and was mostly confined to Britain. 
•  The second Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century and took place in Britain, continental Europe, North America, and Japan. Later in the 20th century, the second Industrial Revolution spread to other parts of the world.

In England, important inventions were made that made it possible to manufacture things faster and cheaper in factories:

• 1764: JAMES HARGREAVES invented the "Spinning Jenny"
• 1769: RICHARD ARKWRIGHT invented a spinning machinery, which operated by water power (called "water frame")
• 1769: JAMES WATT invented the "steam engine"
• 1785: EDMUND CARTWRIGHT invented the first "wool combing machine"
• 1814: GEORGE STEPHENSON invented the first "steam locomotive".
• 1829: The first railway was build between Liverpool und Manchester. .

There were enough raw materials in England's colonies. England also had good coal reserves in its own country.

England is a sea power an has the possibiltiy to brought the raw materials in (from the colonies). England had good transport routes in the country because it had expanded its canal network early on. In the 19th century it also expanded the railway network.

Although England was involved in many wars, people in their own country did not suffer the direct consequences of war as they did on the continent. This also contributed to the development of the industry.

• As the country started to industrialise itself, more and more coal was needed to fuel steam engines and furnaces. The development of factories by Arkwrigth and the improvement of the steam engine by Watt (2.1) further increased demand for coal. People pushed deeper and deeper into the mines because the steam engines made it possible to pump out the pit water from a greater depth than before.
• As a result, Coal shafts could go hundreds of feet into the ground. Once a coal seam was found, the miners dug horizontally. However, underground the miners faced very real and great dangers.  

• Coal was need to produce iron. At the beginning of the 18 th century iron makers found a way to extract pure iron out of iron ore. They used coke, which was purer than coal and burned hotter, to melt the ore. Coal and iron ore were melted in a blast furnace to produce steel. 

"In one unnamed coal mine, 58 deaths out of a total of 349 deaths in one year, involved children thirteen years or younger. Life for all those who worked underground was very hard."

• Before the eighteenth century, Britain — and the rest of Europe — had produced coal, but only in a limited quantity. 
• Coal pits were small, and half were opencast mines (just big holes in the surface). 
• Their market was just the local area, and their businesses were localized, usually just the sideline of a larger estate.
•  Drowning and suffocation were also real problems.​
• During the period of the industrial revolution as demand for coal soared thanks to iron and steam, as the technology to produce coal improved and the ability to move it increased, coal experienced a massive escalation. 
• From 1700 to 1750 production increased by 50% and nearly another 100% by 1800. During the later years of the first revolution, as steam power really took a firm grip, this rate of increase soared to 500% by 1850.

• Work sheets 
•  https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolution 
• https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution (28.4.2021)
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/changes-to-iron-production/ (30.4.2021)
• https://youtu.be/_g3mw6-Wcgo (1.5.2021)

•  "Bell Pit" - staffspasttrack.org.uk (2.5.2021)
•  "drift mines" - https://www.britannica.com/technology/drift-mining (25.1.2021)

The name bell pit comes from the shape of the excavation, with a narrow vertical shaft sunk into the coal or iron ore seam, which was then opened out into a small chamber. Coal was cut by using picks and shovels. Man and coal were transported by a basket. Candles or lamps were used for illumination. As indicated in the photograph this is the earliest system of underground mining.