South America by

South America by https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk 10000 BC - 1500 AD en-us 2016-06-08 21:08:23 UTC 2025-11-07 14:34:05 UTC hello@padlet.com Geography of South America and the Andes liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114137443
Due in large part to the Andes mountain range, different areas of the continent have vastly different environments.

Northern South America, for example, specifically the western coastal region, had an environment that could support vegetations due to the mountain range being rather lower.

Around Northern Peru, the mountain range splits into two sections, creating a drastic change in climate. On the eastern region life was similar to that of further north, but the lower coastal regions experienced great deserts, and an extremely dry climate, making for a unique situation not normally seen on a coastal area.

Source: Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677.

Image: http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/Restless%20Earth/Andes/Andes%20Mountains%20map.png]]> 2016-06-08 21:10:55 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114137443 Archaic & Preceramic Period liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114138228 10000-1800 BC

People living on the coastal areas of South America were fishing as early as 10000 BC.
This time period where people relied on wild plants and animals for sustenance was known as the Archaic Period.

3000-1800 BC in Peru was known as the Perceramic Period, where societies relied on domesticated plants and animals, and while as the name suggests has not began the production of pottery, evidence of vast architectural achievements is present, such as the Huaca de los Idolos, shown below.

Source: Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677.

Image: http://cde.3.elcomercio.pe/ima/0/1/0/8/1/1081087/base_image.jpg]]> 2016-06-08 21:20:51 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114138228 Initial Period liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114139037 1800-400 BC

Around 1800 BC, due to the rise and success of agriculture, more complex societies began to spring forth along the coast, which led to the introduction of pottery production, as well as weaving and metalworking.

The rise in agriculture around the period was due to the spread of irrigation systems, which aloud for larger societies to grow and expand.

Shown Below: Caral - Norte Chico Civilization - first city in South America - located in the Supe Valley

Source: “Pre-Ceramic and Initial Periods-Norte Chico and Kotosh Cultures.” Discover-Peru. Accessed June 6 2016. http://www.discover-peru.org/caral-kotosh/

Image: http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/Images/countries/American%20pics/caralpyramidmayor.jpg]]> 2016-06-08 21:32:44 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114139037 Early Horizon Period liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114139578 400 BC - 200 BC

Just prior to the Early Horizon Period, there was a sudden collapse in coastal societies, marked by the stopping a numerous monuments being constructed.

The Early Horizon Period, form 400 BC - 200 BC, was marked by the emergence of pan-Andean style, which began arising in the central highlands as well as on the coast.

While societies on the coasts has were struggling during this timeframe, those in the central highland were thriving and growing ever more powerful. Chavin, the political center of this society, was 20 times larger than any surrounding settlement.

Source: Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677. ]]> 2016-06-08 21:41:05 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114139578 Early Intermediate Period liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140148 200 BC - 650 AD

A culture called Gallinazo began to arise along the northern coast during this period, though little is know about them. Due to their large settlements, extensive agricultural systems, and advanced architecture it has been argued they were a state level society, and undoubtedly influenced those to come after them.

During the end of this period the Moche civilization began to arise along the northern coast and would prove to have a major polictial influence. It's capital city was home to a system of streets, canals, and plazas.

Stanish, Charles. “The Origin of State Societies in South America” Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 30 (2001): 41-64. Accessed June 6 2016.

http://www.annualreviews.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.41

]]> 2016-06-08 21:51:09 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140148 Later Intermediate Period liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140172 1000-1476 AD

This timeframe is marked by the collapse of the Tiwanaku and the Wari. During this period people would either form into small chiefdoms, and remain fragmented until the arrival of the Inca.

One thing worth noting, is that during this period there was a change from settlements begin built in low valleys, to walled towns being constructed up on hills, which indicates a higher need for defense, rather than remaining in valleys near water and food supply.

Source: Source: Owen, Bruce. “The Late Intermediate Period: Warring Chiefdoms” Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory. Accessed June 5 2016. http://bruceowen.com/andeanae/326-06s-21-LateIntermediate.pdf]]> 2016-06-08 21:51:44 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140172 Chimor liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140183
As Tiwanaku and Wari collapse in the highlands and people began to fragment, a civilization known as Chimor was arising along the coast and would soon expand across the entire coastal reagion.

With it's center located in Moche Valley, by 1450 AD they had obtained 620 miles of territory, along with two thirds of all irrigated desert land and two thirds of coastal population.

Source: Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677. ]]> 2016-06-08 21:51:56 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140183 Arrival of Spanish and the Fall of the Inca liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140189
Spanish first arrived to the area in 1528 AD, bringing with them disease, most notably small pox.

This led to the death of the current emperor, which resulted in civil war and left the empire in a state of disarray, with Spanish invaders returning, the Inca who'd grown so powerful in such a short period began to collapse just as rapidly.

Source: Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677. ]]> 2016-06-08 21:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140189 The Inca liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140194
From 1458-1533 AD the Inca civilization ruled of the majority of the western coast, and formed the largest society ever south of the equator.

During it's peak the Incan Empire consisted of 80 sperate political provinces, and a diverse population with separate languages.

The Incan capital, Cuzco, was a metropolis of art and architecture, whose splendor was described as being "unmatched" in Europe by Spanish conquistadors.

Due to a lack of currency, the Incan Empire operated under an economy based on: agricultural taxation, textile tribute, and work draft. With such a large source of labor, the Inca were able to built grand sanctuaries, shrines, temples, paved roads, and other structures that played a role in the lives of people.

Source: Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677.

Image: http://previews.123rf.com/images/danflcreativo/danflcreativo1503/danflcreativo150300283/37835354-Aerial-view-of-the-most-famous-landmark-of-Cuzco-in-Peru-the-ancient-inca-city-of-Machu-Picchu--Stock-Photo.jpg]]> 2016-06-08 21:52:06 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140194 Middle Horizon Period liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140277 600 AD - 1000 AD

Beginning in the Early Intermediate period, the Tiwanaku began to arise from the southern highland, and expand north out of the Titicaca basin. One of the most important pre-Incan civilizations, ruling as a state power for some 500 years, their reign was marked by impressive archeticure including pyramids, temples, palaces, state buildings, and more, as well as a complex society where their capital city was surrounded by urban settlements of farmers and craftsmen.

In the central highlands, around the same time as the Tiwanaku were the Wari, whose size appeared similar to that of the Tiwanaku, based on architeictural remains and settlement sizes.

Source: Stanish, Charles. “The Origin of State Societies in South America” Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 30 (2001): 41-64. Accessed June 6 2016.

http://www.annualreviews.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.41

Image: http://www.trujillodelperu.com/images/Chan-Chan-index-2014.jpg

]]> 2016-06-08 21:54:21 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114140277 Works Cited liamfitch32195 https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114143056
Moseley, Michael. “From Village to Empire in South America.” in The Human Past: World Prehistory & The Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013, 641-677.

Owen, Bruce. “The Late Intermediate Period: Warring Chiefdoms” Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory. Accessed June 5 2016. http://bruceowen.com/andeanae/326-06s-21-LateIntermediate.pdf

“Pre-Ceramic and Initial Periods-Norte Chico and Kotosh Cultures.” Discover-Peru. Accessed June 6 2016. http://www.discover-peru.org/caral-kotosh/

Stanish, Charles. “The Origin of State Societies in South America” Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 30 (2001): 41-64. Accessed June 6 2016.

http://www.annualreviews.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.41

]]> 2016-06-08 23:00:12 UTC https://padlet.com/liamfitch32195/fv8yt0q942nk/wish/114143056