https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty Summarize the introduction, results and discussion in less than 100 words. What do you think the abstract will contain? en-us 2022-01-06 08:31:04 UTC 2022-01-13 08:33:49 UTC hello@padlet.com 171426j https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989882340 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) are pluripotent cells which can differentiate into somatic cells. In this study, the researchers investigated which of the selected 24 genes can induce pluripotency in somatic mice cells. Of the 24 genes, 10 genes whose individual withdrawal from the bulk transduction pool result in no colony formation. 4 out of the 10 genes, Oct3/4, Sox2 and c-Myc and Klf4 were fount to be essential factors for maintaining pluripotency in ESCs. Surprisingly, Nanog, which is a core transcription factor, is dispensable. ]]> 2022-01-13 08:24:38 UTC https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989882340 https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989884090 Human embryonic stem cells are important - they’re used to treat diseases etc. However, these come with ethical concerns, calling for a need to find methods to induce such stem cells. This study aims to do so through the investigation of 24 candidate genes in the induction of pluripotent in somatic cells. The research found that while Nanog is dispensable, Oct3/4 and Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 are essential for the generation of iPS cells. Interesting findings include that iPS cells can differentiate in vitro and in vivo even with the presence of the retroviral vectors containing the 4 factors. ]]> 2022-01-13 08:25:43 UTC https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989884090 https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989884932 Due to ethical concerns with regards to using human embryos, this paper aims to generate pluripotent cells directly from somatic cells. 24 candidate genes were chosen, and they were introduced into 2 separate batches of MEFs and TTFs via retroviral transduction. Next, individual factors from the pool of genes were withdrawn to determine which genes were crucial. Following that, RT- PCR was performed to examine whether ES cell marker genes were expressed in iPS cells. Upon analysis of southern blot, it was found that Oct3/4, Sox2, and Nanog are integral transcription factors in retaining pluripotency, yet surprisingly, Nanog is dispensable. The c-Myc and Klf4 tumour-related factors cannot be substituted with other oncogenes. While there may be limitations to our study, there is no doubt that our study is an amazing breakthrough in the regulation of pluripotency, which may eventually allow the development of pluripotent cells directly from somatic cells.

]]> 2022-01-13 08:26:11 UTC https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989884932 https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989887234 Summary:
Given the ethical concerns surrounding the usage of human embryonic stem cells, the study aims to investigate the possibility of inducing pluripotency on mouse somatic cells. After identifying 24 transcription factors for the maintenance of pluripotency through investigating mouse embryonic cells, the researchers investigated the relative importance of each factor and which are dispensable. They concluded that 4 factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4) were critical in inducing pluripotency in somatic cells. They also investigated the differences in their induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells, and concluded that they were similar but not identical. Further studies are needed to determine the origin of iPS cells for wider application.]]> 2022-01-13 08:27:41 UTC https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989887234 https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989891437 In this study, they examined whether certain factors could induce pluripotency in somatic cells so as to generate iPSCs to circumvent ethical implications. They did this by looking at 24 genes as potential candidates for these factors, and developing an assay system in which pluripotency could be detected. They found that by combining four selected factors, they were able to generate iPSCs directly from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblast cultures. These factors are Oct 3/4, Sox2 (transcription factors), c-Myc and Klf4 (tumor-related factors). Surprisingly, Nanog was found to be dispensable. However, they said that they still dont know whether the four factors can generate pluripotent cells from HUMAN somatic cells.]]> 2022-01-13 08:30:20 UTC https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989891437 https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989896715 Abstract
This study aims to develop pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by exploring the combinations of factors needed to induce pluripotency. This is crucial to develop gene therapy that has minimum ethical considerations. This is done by obtaining IPS from the patients’ own cells, which reduces the ethical concerns which now surrounds the current method of obtaining IPS by destroying embryos. When these 4 transcription factors - Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2 were introduced, stem cells developed 3 germ layers when transplanted into mice blastocysts, showing that pluripotent stem cells were successfully induced]]> 2022-01-13 08:33:49 UTC https://padlet.com/germaine19/fv7tysxnwqkjknty/wish/1989896715