https://padlet.com/casinosuomi_bet/fusl7fprqgd5 Made with a wink and a smile en-us 2019-03-24 16:20:41 UTC 2023-03-05 07:31:15 UTC hello@padlet.com casinosuomi_bet https://padlet.com/casinosuomi_bet/fusl7fprqgd5/wish/344574824 Electric cars do not meet the promised ranges in winter. But a sophisticated heat management can help.

The electric car is a cold-blooded horse, it lacks inner fire. The driver must be prepared for the fact that his range of motion depends heavily on the outside temperature.

At temperatures below zero, the range of motion decreases by up to 50 percent. After all, a Renault Zoé tested by this editorial on wintry roads achieved 68 percent of its nominal 400-kilometer range. 

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If it gets Siberian cold, nothing will be over soon:

For safety reasons, a lithium-ion battery can not be charged below about minus ten degrees unless it is heated. Other problems are in hot regions. 

Beyond 40 degrees Celsius, the battery ages faster. It only reaches its full capacity in the temperature range in which people feel comfortable: between 20 and 40 degrees Celsius.

There are essentially two reasons for the alternating warmth of today's batteries. One is in battery chemistry, the other in the driver himself. To understand the chemical cause, it helps to understand how a lithium-ion battery works. 

When charging it shovels inside lithium ions from one pole (the cathode) to the other (anode). Between the poles is a conductive medium, the so-called electrolyte.


The electrolytes used in today's batteries are liquid. At low temperatures, they become viscous and eventually even freeze. Currently, there is a lot of research into solid-state batteries in which a solid electrolyte is used.

By 2020, at the earliest, ready for production, they should significantly increase the energy density. Unfortunately, however, the conductivity of the materials used is also strongly temperature-dependent.


Heat pumps can help

Now, the outside temperature is not the measure of all things, otherwise Norway would not be the country with the highest electric car odds. 

To ensure optimum cell temperature, lithium-ion batteries are water-cooled in all pure battery electric cars. Only a few hybrid vehicles still work with air cooling. But where a cooling circuit is present, the coolant can also be electrically heated.

Basically, the closer the coolant moves to the single battery cell, the better the heat transfer. In the early phase of electromobility, this leads to very different designs in battery construction. In extreme cases - as a start-up from Austria shows - it would even be possible to operate round cells, such as those used at Tesla, in a well-tempered oil bath.


The amount of energy needed to cool or heat the battery is low compared to what the driver needs to feel comfortable on board. The air conditioner beats with an additional consumption of up to half a liter of fuel per 100 kilometers already at the internal combustion engine properly to book. 

For donated after a few miles at least enough heat. Studies by Mahle show that during a city trip at zero degrees Celsius, the heating power of two kilowatts is only marginally below the average drive power of three kilowatts.

Remedy can be a technique that also ensures higher energy efficiency in buildings: the heat pump. From a kilowatt of electricity, it can generate three kilowatts of heat output. For many electric vehicles today, it is therefore already on board.

Thermal management is more important than ever for electric cars

Even with 150 watt hours, a kilometer range has been gained. Therefore, it is important to skimp on energy at every turn, for example, by using heat that accumulates in one place, elsewhere. 

Although electric motors have high efficiencies of 80 percent or more in real traffic, the rest vanishes as unused heat. In addition, electric motors are also water-cooled, and it is becoming apparent that in the future even the rotor - the place where most of the heat is generated - could become part of the cooling circuit.


Since it makes sense to interconnect the separate circuits for air conditioning and engine cooling with the combustor. In addition, there are a lot of ideas for reducing the energy consumption in the interior. 

For example, the air conditioner usually only runs in winter so that the windows do not fog up. The windscreen heater, except for Ford for a long time with most car manufacturers not in the program, could be a renaissance.

Thermal management is the name of the engineering discipline that deals with heat transport. For the electric car, it is more important than ever. But the effort is worth it.]]> 2019-03-24 16:23:18 UTC https://padlet.com/casinosuomi_bet/fusl7fprqgd5/wish/344574824