3.
1)Are there toys that are more for boys/girls? Why?
I think there are a same amount on toys for toy and girls. depends on what kind of toys fo person like.

2)Who has long/short hair? Look around you. Why is that?
Boy have short hair while girls have long hair. it is the result of socialization and cultural norms that have evolved over time.

3)Who wears make up? Why do you think?
usally girls wear make up. Because they are fascinated in beauty compare to boys.

4)Who usually wears religious clothes? Is there a difference between the freedoms of men and women?
girls. some countries require girls to wear proper religious clothes and set it as rule. obviouesly there is difference between the freedoms of men and women. As men dont need to wear those clothings.

5)Are there differences in the expectations of body and clothing between the sexes? What are they? Why do you think that is?

there are often differences in the expectations of body and clothing between the sexes. These expectations are shaped by cultural and societal norms around gender and can vary widely depending on the context and culture.

4.What does it mean, then, to be a man or a women? How does feminism explains these differences?

Being a man or a woman means an interplay of biological, social and cultural factors. Biologically speaking, men and women have different physical and reproductive characteristics.Socially and culturally, men and women have different roles and expectations in different cultural and social contexts.The feminist view is that gender differences should not be used to discriminate against people or deprive them of their rights. Feminists believe that men and women should be treated equally, including in terms of job opportunities, social status and pay. Feminists also believe that social and cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping gender differences, so efforts need to be made to combat injustice and stereotypes.

There are more men in leadership roles in my country, including Managers, politicians, rheologists, public figures and experts on TV. Because some people think that women can’t be resolute or have any ability of leadership. 

Taking China for example, generally, we define male success as "career-minded/able to make money". As a result, men are excluded from household responsibilities and just make money and do nothing else. Children, household chores and daily trifles became women's duty and responsibility，based on tradtion views. Statistics from the Ministry of Education，China  shows that female teachers accounted for 71.14 percent of full-time primary school teachers in 2020. Partly, the reason for that is women naturally have such gender characteristics as delicate feeling, keen observation and gentleness, which are suitable for students of basic education.

Yes, because there’s a stereotype that blue toys belong to boys and pink toys belong to girls.

Women have long hair and men have short hair. Because of the stereotype, most other women would prefer to have long hair but men won’t. 

women. Because girls want to be more beautiful and the majority of people who wear makeup in society are women.

Believers. Yes, some female believers need to wear scarves but male believers do not.

The expectation of male body is higher and stronger, the female's is not that high and becomes slim. 

The expectation of female’s clothing includes dresses and skirts, but male’s not.

Because most people do that.

For physical differences, men have higher muscle rate and average height.

Feminism explains the differences into power and status gaps cause them.

In many countries around the world, men continue to hold a disproportionate number of leadership roles, whether it be in business, politics, or other fields. This is true in my country as well. There are more men than women who hold positions as managers, CEOs, politicians, and public figures.

In our household, there is division of labour between men and women. The women tend to spend more time on housework, cooking, and childcare than men because of traditional gender roles and expectations, which assign women the primary responsibility for domestic labour and childcare.

In terms of teaching, globally, women make up a majority of teachers at all levels of education, and this is because of a combination of factors, including the historical association of teaching with femininity, the perception that teaching is a nurturing profession, and the fact that women have historically had limited access to other professions. 

"Society en-genders" refers to the ways in which social norms, expectations, and practices shape our understanding of gender and how we express it. From a young age, we are socialised to conform to certain gender roles and behaviours based on our assigned sex at birth. This can include things like clothing, toys, and activities that are deemed appropriate for boys or girls.

There are toys that have traditionally been marketed more towards boys or girls, with certain colours, themes, and types of play being associated with one gender or the other.The reasons for this gendered marketing can be complex and influenced by a range ofw factors, including societal expectations and gender stereotypes.

Hair length can be a gendered characteristic in many societies. In Western cultures, men traditionally wear shorter haircuts while women tend to have longer hair. This gendered norm has been challenged in recent years, with many men growing out their hair and many women opting for shorter styles.

However, it is important to note that this gendered norm is not universal. In some cultures, both men and women may have longer hair, while in others both may have shorter hair. Hair length can also be influenced by religious or cultural beliefs, with some religions requiring certain hairstyles for men or women.

Overall, hair length is one example of how gendered norms can vary across cultures and change over time. As society becomes more diverse and accepting of individual expression, we may see a further shift away from strict gendered norms in regards to hair length.

Makeup is a form of gendered expression that has been primarily associated with women. In many societies, women are expected to wear makeup as part of their routine grooming and to conform to societal beauty standards. These standards often include expectations of clear skin, rosy cheeks, and long eyelashes, which are believed to enhance a woman's attractiveness and desirability. Makeup is often marketed towards women and girls, with advertisements promoting the use of cosmetics as a means of achieving a more polished, attractive appearance.

Feminist perspectives suggest that these expectations and pressures to wear makeup are a form of gender-based discrimination that reinforces the idea that women's worth is primarily determined by their appearance. Additionally, the expectation that women must wear makeup to be considered attractive can be viewed as a form of objectification, reducing women to mere objects to be looked at and judged based on their physical appearance.

Religious clothing is worn by individuals who follow a particular religion or belong to a specific religious community. The type of clothing worn varies depending on the religion and cultural context, and in some religions, there may be differences in the clothing worn by men and women.

Yes, there are often differences in the expectations of body and clothing between the sexes. These expectations are often shaped by cultural and social norms, as well as historical factors.

In many societies, women are expected to have a more slender and toned physique, while men are expected to be larger and more muscular. Women are also often expected to wear clothing that is more revealing, wear makeup and style their hair while men are expected to wear clothing that is more conservative. 

These differences in expectations can be attributed to a variety of factors. Historically, men have often held positions of power and authority in society, while women have been relegated to domestic roles. As a result, women's bodies and appearance have often been objectified and scrutinised, while men's bodies have been less subject to such scrutiny. Economic factors, such as the fashion industry, also play a role in shaping gendered expectations of body and clothing, as they often target specific markets based on gender and promote certain beauty standards.

The definition of being a man or a woman is socially constructed, meaning that it is created and reinforced by societal norms and expectations. These gender roles and expectations vary across cultures and can change over time. Feminism seeks to challenge and break down traditional gender roles and expectations, advocating for gender equality and the freedom for individuals to express themselves beyond the constraints of gender. Feminism recognizes that gender is not a fixed binary and that individuals should have the freedom to express their gender identity in whatever way feels authentic to them, rather than adhering to societal norms that may not fit their personal experience.

There are few women leaders until now in China, the highest position they get is a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, she is 72-year-old Sun Chunlan. 

According to Chinese official data, in 2018, female party members accounted for 27.2% of the total number of communist party of China members, and women accounted for 24.2% of the party's 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. (Deutsche Welle, 2021)

2. On a micro level: In your household, and in your friends' homes, is there division of labour between men and women? Who does more housework, cooking and childcare? Why do you think that is? And are there more men or women teachers? Why?

More women take care of things at home, such as taking care of the family and some daily housework.  And men are more likely to go to work to earn money to maintain the expenses of the family.  But with the development of the times, more men will choose to stay at home, while women go out to work.  I think it may be because in everyone's impression, men can bear more.  In schools, there are more female teachers, probably because people think that women will be more patient and able to engage in the education industry.

3. How society en-genders? For example (think briefly):

1. Are there toys that are more for boys/girls? Why?

Most parents always buy remote control cars, fake guns or fighting gloves for boys, and some dolls and cosmetic toys for girls.  I think it’s a stereotype, because most people think that boys like some toys of power types, while girls like some companion toys.

2. Who has long/short hair? Look around you. Why is that?

Long or short hair is often associated with gender norms as well. Women are typically expected to have longer hair, while men are expected to have shorter hair. This is because society associates long hair with femininity and short hair with masculinity.

3. Who wears make up? Why do you think?

Makeup is often associated with femininity as well. While some men may wear makeup, it is generally more socially acceptable and expected for women to wear makeup.  However, societal expectations around makeup have been changing in recent years, with more people advocating for the freedom to wear or not wear makeup regardless of gender.

4. Who usually wears religious clothes? Is there a difference between the freedoms of men and women?

Religious personages wear some types of religious clothes. In the past, men had more freedom than women. In modern society, the degree of freedom of men and women is getting closer and closer.

5. Are there differences in the expectations of body and clothing between the sexes? What are they? Why do you think that is?

Yes. There are some differences in the expectations of body and clothing between males and females. According to how society has depicted it, if a person feels that they resemble their gender, they would have a more favourable body image. According to this study, women experience higher body shame and more body surveillance than males do.

Barbara Ehrenreich's work in Nickel and Dimed, where she worked minimum wage jobs undercover, exposed the difficulties that lowest earning employees face in the United States. Her findings showed that it is impossible to earn enough money to support essential needs without working at least two such jobs. Many of the workers in these jobs are women, who also have to support children. Her work highlights the struggle of minimum wage workers and the exploitation they face in the workforce.

Ehrenreich's findings in Nickel and Dimed highlight the struggles faced by women in minimum wage jobs, a topic that is often overlooked in discussions about poverty and inequality. Feminist theory offers an explanation for these struggles by examining the gendered division of labour that characterises the workforce. Women are overrepresented in minimum wage jobs, which are often seen as low-skill and therefore not valued as highly as traditionally male-dominated occupations. Additionally, women face a persistent pay gap, which compounds their economic hardship. Feminist theorists argue that these inequalities are a result of patriarchal structures in society that prioritise men's work over women's work. These structures are perpetuated through social norms that reinforce gender stereotypes and policies that fail to address the needs of women in the workforce. Moreover, feminist theorists argue that the gendered division of labour is not just a product of social and cultural factors but is also perpetuated by economic structures. For instance, women are often pushed into certain types of jobs, such as caregiving or service work, because these jobs are seen as "women's work" and therefore undervalued. This has resulted in a devaluation of women's labour, which is reflected in the low wages paid to workers in these fields. By examining the gendered nature of the workforce, feminist theory provides a lens through which to understand the economic struggles faced by women in minimum wage jobs.

Marxist theory offers a different perspective on Ehrenreich's findings by emphasising the class-based nature of the global economy. The exploitation and low wages faced by minimum wage workers are a result of capitalist structures that prioritise profit over the well-being of workers. The global economy perpetuates this exploitation by relying on workers from poor countries to take demanding jobs for extremely low pay. These workers allow first-world women to maintain their lifestyles by performing the labour necessary to keep households running smoothly. This labour division reinforces class inequality and ensures that the wealthy continue to benefit at the expense of the working class. Marxist theorists argue that this exploitation is not accidental but is built into the very structure of the global economy. Capitalism requires a pool of low-paid workers to ensure profitability, and these workers are often drawn from marginalised groups, such as women and people of colour. By examining the economic structures that perpetuate this exploitation, Marxist theory offers a critique of the global economy and a call to action for change. This change includes the establishment of policies that support workers' rights and well-being, as well as a rethinking of the global economy to prioritise the needs of workers over the interests of capital.

In conclusion, both feminist and Marxist theories offer insight into Ehrenreich's findings. Feminist theory emphasises the gendered nature of minimum wage work and the patriarchal structures that contribute to it, while Marxist theory emphasises the class-based nature of the global economy and the capitalist structures that maintain it. These theories highlight the importance of addressing social and economic inequality to ensure fair and just working conditions for all.

 

Feminist theory emphasizes the role of gender in shaping social inequality. In the instance of "Global Woman," feminist theory would contend that because of their gender and position as a disadvantaged group, immigrant women are especially vulnerable to harm. Many of the occupations held by immigrant women are low-wage and gender-segregated, maintaining labor-market gender inequalities. For example, the book explains how many women labors in domestic work.

 

On the other hand, Marxist theory emphasizes the impact of economic institutions in creating societal inequality. According to Marxist, the main cause of societal disparity is the capitalist class's exploitation of employees. In the example of "Global Woman," Marxists would suggest that economic globalization has produced a worldwide labor market in which corporations can abuse low-wage employees in developing nations.  The book explains how many women labor in the garment business, where they are paid very little and have little bargaining power.

 

Despite their differences, feminist and Marxist theories completely agree on the insecurity of low-wage workers, as well as the importance of economic systems in creating societal inequality. Feminists point out the importance of gendered structures in maintaining disparity, because although Marxists emphasize the role of economic structures and the capitalist class's exploitation of workers. 

 

Summing up, "Global Woman" emphasizes immigrant women's experiences in the global economy and offers useful insights into the junction of gender and economic structures in creating societal inequality.

Marxism Against the Exploitation of Workers.Woman workers are exploited in both cases. Female workers are treated as cheap labour. The gap of class is growing.As the change of society,feman status are inferior to men status .Women assume responsibility for caring for their children.At the same time, women have to work to earn money.Society has huge demands on women, yet gives women very little rights.Women cannot achieve a balance between giving and receiving in society.For women, Marx's personal rights were occupied by the bourgeoisie, especially in the era of large-scale machine industry. Machines enabled women to participate in large-scale industrial production in society.  means of increasing the number of laborers by placing all members of the laborer's family at the disposal of capital.  This kind of forced labor for the benefit of capitalists not only deprives women of their status, but also deprives them of the status of free labor within the family sphere.

In comparison between feminism and marxism’s view, the two theories have an agreement that the poor workers in Barabra Ehrnreich’s book were oppressed and exploited by people who had higher status and more power than them. But the two theories have different ideas on who were the oppressors. Feminism thinks male were the oppressors and Marxism thinks capitalists were.

The work of feminist theorist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrates how women, especially single moms, are compelled to take on many low-paying occupations in order to make ends meet, which increases stress and suffering. This encourages gender inequality and the widespread exploitation of women.

Contrarily, the Marxist view contends that society is segmented into social classes and that economic disparities result from the unequal allocation of resources. The bourgeoisie, or ruling class, controls the means of production and derives its income from the proletariat, or working class, via their labour. 

While she demonstrates how the working class is taken advantage of and underpaid in low-wage occupations, Ehrenreich's work supports Marxist theory. She also draws attention to the absence of unionisation and worker rights in these positions, which supports the exploitation of the working class. 

The work of Ehrenreich demonstrates how class and gender connect to maintain economic inequality. Marxist and feminist theories provide complimentary explanations for these events, underlining the necessity of group action to combat the exploitation of workers based on their class and gender.

Overall, for the two different theories, the social problems found in 《Nickel and Dimed》are caused by different reasons. First of all, for Marxists, Barbara Ehrenreich's low-paid work at the bottom of the society resulted in problems caused by the exploitation of the bourgeoisie. Due to the occupation of production resources by the employer, she could not get a salary commensurate with her job, so she needed to do two jobs to support her basic needs. Feminists believe that Barbara Ehrenreich's suffering is due to the oppression and exploitation of women by society, because most of these jobs are undertaken by women. But because other jobs are occupied by men, Barbara Ehrenreich can only work at the bottom of society. In short, Marxists believe that Barbara Ehrenreich's discovery is due to the exploitation of social strata, while feminists believe that it is due to gender inequality.

feminists contend that the gendered division of labour, which confines women to low-paying occupations in industries like domestic work, caregiving, and sex work, allows the global capitalist system to exploit and commodify women's labour.

 

There is crossover between feminist thought and marxist theory despite the former's emphasis on gender and the latter's on economic class. For instance, both theories stress how important it is to comprehend how power works in society. In Nickel and Dimed, author Barbara Ehrenreich shows how the power imbalance between management and employees in low-paying occupations encourages exploitation and worsens economic inequality.Feminist theory focuses on the exploitation of women within that system, particularly those who are marginalised by colour, ethnicity, and social class, in contrast to Marxist thought, which emphasises the exploitation of the working class by the ruling class. Overall, the structural problems of exploitation and oppression that Ehrenreich's work reveals may be understood using both feminist and Marxist perspectives.

 

 

In conclusion, although having different foci, Marxist and feminist theories both offer crucial lenses for understanding the structural problems of exploitation and oppression that Ehrenreich's work draws attention to. Feminist theory emphasises the significance of gender and the ways in which patriarchy sustains the oppression of women, whereas Marxist theory emphasises the significance of economic class and the power relationship between the ruling and working classes. Both ideas emphasise how crucial it is to comprehend how society works and how class and gender play a part in maintaining inequality.

 

Marxism overemphasized the flaws in capitalism due to exploitation and lack of leisure time. This can be exemplified by Echrenreich’s findings when it comes to the lack of income received at labor-intensive work. Her work showed that it would be near impossible to be able to get access to essential resources and provide family by working one minimum wage job. This concurs with Marxism theory, as it is evident that the workers are being exploited by being paid less than is needed despite working a very demanding job. Additionally, this diminishes leisure time for the workers, as they will only be able to acquire basic human necessities by working two jobs, concurring with his view on capitalism. 

 

Feminists would explain Ehrenreich's findings. They would argue that the low-wage jobs that Ehrenreich worked in, and the jobs that women from poor countries take in the first world, are often feminized and devalued precisely because they are associated with women's traditional roles as caregivers and nurturers. These jobs are often underpaid, lack benefits, and offer little room for advancement, despite the fact that they are essential for the functioning of society. feminists would argue that the exploitation of women in low-wage jobs and the global sex trade is not just a matter of individual choices or personal responsibility, but rather a systemic problem that is rooted in gendered power relations and economic inequality. They would call for policies that address the structural causes of these problems, such as labor protections, living wages, and immigration reform, as well as a broader cultural shift in which caregiving and domestic work are valued and recognized as essential for the functioning of society. 

 

It can be deduced that there are many similarities between both Marxism and feminism. Where the workers were exploited despite their jobs being very demanding. However, the cause may differ. When it comes to feminism, women are devalued due to certain stereotypes and traditional roles. However, for Ehrenreich’s seminal 2001 work, the reason to the workers exploitation was not stated, but it can be assumed that they were for the sake of profit maximization.  

She mentioned that the jobs that she does are more female. In those jobs, females need to inherit pain, deprive or even receive disrespect from the Supervisor. 

Uneven distribution of resources is not caused by gender, but exists in all aspects of society, and gender is only one factor. Karl Marx believed that the root of conflict was the inequality in production, especially the inequality between property and means of production, which led to social conflict. For example，the equality in Nickel and Dimed seminal work（2001）. It argues the workers with the minimum wage are faced with great life pressure because of the imbalance of resources. Marx’s theory can explain many social phenomena, such as the causes of the uprisings and riots of the people at the bottom, and the causes of war. He roughly divided the conflict into three categories: first, the conflict between productive forces and production relations, then the conflict caused by the superstructure - that is, the conflict caused by people who occupy wealth and power, and finally the class conflict between groups

Karl Marx paid attention to the economic environment in social change and tried to obtain the basic principles of history. Karl Marx believes that society is divided into two classes: one class is the person who holds the means of production to produce wealth; The other class is the people who do not master the means of production. The division of the two classes has led to class struggle. Marx's dialectical materialism believes that development is the product of contradictions and conflicts, which will constantly create new and more advanced structures. Marx's theory therefore believes that poverty, like wealth, is the inevitable result of capitalist society. Marxists believe that poverty is beneficial to the ruling class, because poverty ensures that there is always a workforce willing to accept low wages. This provides significant theoretical support for Global woman（2003）. It may be tortuous, but it is also developing.

 

In relation to Marxist theories, it focuses on inequality between the employers and the employees, more specifically the upper and lower class (Karl Marx, 1867) The employers are not paying the employees according to the work and exploit the workers. For example, the wages described in Barbara’s work showed that it was not sufficient and does not consider the fact that women need higher wages to support both themselves and their children. 

 

In relation to one of the conflict theories, feminism, it highlights gender inequality and domination of men in society, including them getting better work positions and higher wages. Her study proves that gender inequality exists in society through showing that mostly women are given these minimum wage jobs and are working in these poor working environments. This relates to feminism as it looks at gender equality in workforces as well. 

 

Feminism and Marxist theories they both through relating the division of labor to the expectation accumulating from gender roles. In some society, we always take it for granted that women are responsible for taking care of children, washing and cooking at home, while men are responsible for going out to work. If we according to this point, men play the bourgeoisie while women play the proletariat. Men got the money can regarded as  the means of production and they can distribute money to their family members. But the bourgeoisie class usually oppress the proletariat through exploitation and labor. 

But their ultimate objective are different, the feminist theory is interested in gender equality through the abolishment of the Patriarchy while Marxism rejects capitalism. On the other side, the focus of the feminist theory is to reject the postulation that women possess fewer abilities as compared to men.

Although both theories have a social aspect, the Marxist theory is more concerned about the economic and the education in society, Feminism emphasis more women's rights.