The ethical issue discussed in the journal is the impact of climate change on mountain and the environmental, especially in the Alps. The writer has talk how the snow glacier in the Alps have been affected by the climate change, and how warming temperature have impact snow dept, glacier volume in the Alpine region. This impact on water resources and harsh weather condition.Mountain regions are experiencing rapid climatic changes with severe problems related to water resources. The environmental degradation caused by industrial activity like, climate change, reduction in water quality, greenhouse gas emission. creates problems to the human as well as environment. Climate change, driven by human, business activity, posses serious risk for environment,affecting water resources, and natural hazards.

Author suggested to overcome this challenge by adapting various kind of strategies like proper management of water resources, infrastructure and hazards management, making policy and proper planning, educating people about the impact of climate change on environment. (Beniston, 2006)

Utilitarianism Theory
Utilitarianism theory was founded by Jeremy Bentham and later developed and popularised by John Stuart Mill. This theory is highly relevant to the journal. The journal discuss how climate change impact mountain weather, especially in European Alps. Due to climate change local communities is facing various types of problem, such as glacier melting, green house gas emission, poor water quality, which impact both human and nature. From the utilitarian perspective, the business conducted contributing to climate change like massive green house gas emission, glacier melt can be said unethical because such action result in negative outcome that affect human and environment health. Business people involved in these industries contribute to the increase in global warming and environmental degradation and impact negatively on biodiversity, water resources, and human health.

Deontological Theory

Deontology theory is an ethical theory emphasising the nature of acts more than their consequences. This theory was developed by Immanuel Kant. The journal discusses how climate change in the Alps affects their local community and environment. Attention failing issues like glacier melt, green house gas emission, high temperature, degrade in water quality are considered to be something unethical because it does not respect the duty to preserve and protect the nature for the present and future generations. Deontological theory, in relation to climate change, judges actions on basis of adherence to moral duty. For business and policymakers, this means that they have an obligation to ensure no harm results to the environment and the local community as well.

Ethics Of Care

The ethics of care are an ethical theory which brings out the importance of relationships and caring for others, especially to those who are unsafe dependent or who are being affected. The ethics of care theory was developed by philosophers Carol Gilligan together with Nel Noddings. The journal discuss the impact of climate change in the Alps, how climate change in the Alps is having effects on the environment and local communities due to various reasons such as poor water quality, excessive rise in temperature and glacier melt. According to this theory, the unethical conduct in this situation is the insufficient attention given by the government and businesses to the need of this community. Helping, supporting, and protecting the affected communities are some of the ethical responsibilities. On the other side, while many other ethical frameworks are oriented to more abstract principles or duties, the ethics of care is focused on responsibilities that people have to others in their particular relational contexts.

Sustainable Development Goal no, 13 (Climate Action) is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goal. Sustainable Development Goal 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030.The goal of this mission is to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Additionally, goal also talks about improving education and human capacity on climate change mitigation, impact reduction and early warming as well as to lower greenhouse gas emissions, ensuring that mitigation and adaptation strategies are well implemented to secure future of the planet.

The journal “Mountain weather and climate: A general overview and a focus on climatic change especially,  in Alps” is related to climate action. Climate action talks about taking action against climate change and its impact. similarly, the journal is also talking the same like how business, human activity hamper the environment, due to which there is degrade in mountain water quality and many people should depend of the mountain water so it is affecting human as well as environment health. For the shake of some benefits business are also hampering the climate.

Progress towards this goal has been uneven. While there is success in some area, most targets of this goal have not been fully met. Although, various agreements green house gas emission continue to raise, and others commitments are often unmet. Business and governments needs to show efforts towards the reduction of emission, adopting clean energy sources. (United Nation Sustainable Development Goal, 13)

Yuan, F., Koran, M. R., & Valdez, A. (2013). Late Glacial and Holocene record of climatic change in the southern Rocky Mountains from sediments in San Luis Lake, Colorado, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 392, 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.016

Deason, G., Seekamp, E., Terando, A., & Rojas, C. (2023). Tourist Perceptions of Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Ecotourism in Southern Mexico. Tourism & Hospitality (2673-5768), 4(3), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp4030028

Hao Wang, Bin-Bin Wang, Peng Cui, Yao-Ming Ma, Yan Wang, Jian-Sheng Hao, Yu Wang, Ya-Mei Li, Li-Jun Sun, Jiao Wang, Guo-Tao Zhang, Wei-Mo Li, Yu Lei, Wen-Qing Zhao, Jin-Bo Tang, & Chao-Yue Li. (2024). Disaster effects of climate change in High Mountain Asia: State of art and scientific challenges. Advances in Climate Change Research, 15(3), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.06.003

Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020). Normative theories of ethics. Moral issues in business (4th ed., pp. 43–81). Cengage.

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vu/reader.action?docID=6511766&ppg=21

https://sdgs.org.au/goal/climate-action/

Kaini, S., Harrison, M., Gardner, T., Nepal, S., & Sharma, A. (2022). The impacts of climate change on the irrigation water demand, grain yield, and biomass yield of wheat crop in Nepal. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172728

de Souza Ferreira Filho, J. B., & Horridge, M. (2020). Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Internal Migration in Brazil. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3970-1_6

Samarasinghe, J. T., Makumbura, R. K., Wickramarachchi, C., Sirisena, J., Gunathilake, M. B., Muttil, N., Teo, F. Y., & Rathnayake, U. (2022). The assessment of climate change impacts and land-use changes on flood characteristics: the case study of the Kelani River Basin, Sri Lanka. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9100177