Autonomic Nervous System by Alline Ferreira De Lima https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw en-us 2020-02-27 00:57:05 UTC 2020-02-27 03:58:18 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9e0.png Sympathetic Nervous System: alline_ferreiradelima https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw/wish/451132236
  • Another name for the Sympathetic Nervous system is Adrenergic
  • We use this system in Fight, Fright or Flight situations. 

    • Neurontransmitters 
    • Acetylcholine (ACH)
      • Released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings 
    • Norepinephrine (NE)
      • Released at postganglionic nerve endings 
      • Manufactured from dopamine 
      • Released by adrenal medulla and neurons 
    • Epinephrine (EPI)
      • Acts on adrenergic receptors 
      • Produced by adrenal medulla 
    • Dopamine (DA) 
      • Precursor to NE 
      • Stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic); different actions in the body from DA all depends on the dose that has been administered 

    Sympathetic Effect on organs 
    • Adrenal Medulla = Release of Epinephrine 
    • Arteries = Vasoconstriction (Coronary arteries & arteries to skeletal muscle do not vasoconstrict, they dilate )
    • Heart = Increase heart rate & AV conduction. Increase contractility 
    • Intestine, GI movement and secretions = Decreased 
    • Postganglionic neurontransmitter = Norephiphrine released
    • Pupil of the eye = Mydriasis (Dilations of the pupil)
    • Lower respiratory passages = Bronchodilation
    • Urinary Bladder = relaxation
    • Urinary Sphincter = contraction

    Drug Classifications for the Sympathetic Nervous System
    • Alpha-1 receptor =  EPI & NE effect (vasoconstriction, pupillary dilation)
    • Alpha-2 receptor = EPI & NE effect ( decrease release of NE ) 
    • Beta-1 receptor = EPI effect (greater increase in heart rate, force of contraction &                       AV conduction ) NE effect = (medium increase in heart rate, force of contraction &                     AV conduction
    • Beta-2 receptor = EPI effect (Bronchodilation, relaxation,vasodilation)                                                NE effect (NE not stimulated) 

    Medications for the Sympathetic Nervous System

    Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
    • alpha-1 receptor is stimulated
    • contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases BP 
    • vasoconstriction of nasal passages  decongestant effect
    • Drugs
      • Ephedrine (Adrenalin®)
      • Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

     Adrenergic Agonists:
    • Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors, an exception
    • Vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases BP
    • Cardiac stimulant
    • Bronchodilator
    • Drugs 
      • epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
    Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs:
    • binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them
    • relaxation of smooth muscle 
    • vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP
    • relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow
    • Drugs
      • prazosin (Minipress®)
      • terazosin (Hytrin®) 
      • doxazosin (Cardura®)
    Beta Adrenergic Agonists
    • Low dose-stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
    • Moderate dose-stimulates  beta 1 receptors-heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output 
    • High dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction  increase in blood pressure
    • Drugs
      • dobutamine
    Beta Adrenergic Agonists
    • stimulates beta 2 receptors 
    • relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs  bronchodilation 
    • relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
    • Drugs
      • albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®
      • terbutaline (Brethine®)
      • formoterol (Foradil®)
      • salmeterol (Serevent®)
    Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
    • beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)    
    • decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
    • decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
    • decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
    • decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
    • Drugs
      • atenolol (Tenormin®)
      • metoprolol (Lopressor®)
    Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
    • block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors 
    • decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
    • decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
    • decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
    • decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
    • can cause bronchoconstriction
    • Drugs
      • nadolol (Corgard®)
      • propanolol (Inderal®) 
      • timolol (Blocadren®)
    ]]>     2020-02-27 01:02:47 UTC https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw/wish/451132236     Parasympathetic Nervous System alline_ferreiradelima https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw/wish/451179265
  • Another name for the parasympathetic Nervous system is Cholinergic
  • We use this system in rest and digest

    • Neurontransmitters
    • NT released at ganglia is ACH (cholinergic)
    • NT released at postganglionic nerve endings is ACH (cholinergic)
    • Muscarinic: 
      • located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
      • at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings  
      • decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, ↑ digestion, ↑ GI secretions, and ↑ urination, pupillary constriction
    • Nicotinic 1 (Nn): 
      • at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves (synapse area)
    • Nicotinic 2 (Nm): 
      • somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle  
      • If stimulated, muscle contracts. 
    (ALL are stimulated by ACH)

    Parasympathetic Effect on organs 
    • Arteries = most not supplied by parasympathetic nerves
    • Heart = Decrease heart rate and SV conduction, slightly decrease in contractility 
    • Intestines, GI movement & secretions = increased 
    • Postganglionic neurotransmitter = Acetycholine rebased 
    • Pupil of the eye = Miosis (constriction of the pupil)
    • Lower respiratory passage = bronchoconstriction
    • Urinary bladder = contraction
    • Urinary sphincter = relaxation 

    Drug Classifications & Drugs for the Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics: 
      • stimulates muscarinic receptors of bladder and GI tract to prevent constipation and urinary retention post-op and in the elderly
    • Drugs 
      • pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
      • bethanechol (Urecholine®)

    • Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics 
      • inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse, increases ACH
    • Drugs 
      • neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

    • Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
      • bind to a cholinergic receptor 
      • acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism
    • Drugs 
      • atropine 
      • dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
      • ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)



    ]]>     2020-02-27 03:35:24 UTC https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw/wish/451179265     SOURCES: alline_ferreiradelima https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw/wish/451185433 - Book: Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 4th special edition
    - Powerpoint ]]>     2020-02-27 03:54:55 UTC https://padlet.com/alline_ferreiradelima/fqt9s6b63zmw/wish/451185433