endocrine + metabolic system dysfunction

decreased circulating antibodies

reactivation of viruses (such as MONO)

drop in metabolic rate

protein breakdown

increase in catabolic processes

altered electrolytes

Compression of skin capillaries

Reduce soft tissue circulation

Limits tissue perfusion over bony prominence

Increase risks of skin breakdown = decubitus ulcers (skin becomes necrotic and ulcerated)

Reduce nerve sensitivity

Decrease blood lymph flow (increases risk of necrosis)

recumbent position reduces awareness of need to empty bladder (inhibits effective bladder emptying and increases amount of fluids retained

Increased risk urinary retention, renal calculus formation, urinary incontinence

reduced fat oxidation

increased muscle atrophy

hypertriglyceridemia

altered protein homeostasis

depressed immune function

activation of HPA axis -> release of cortisol

increase risk for immune dysregulation

reduced ACTH -> can indicate adrenal insufficiency/failure