by a positive charge broth, such as negatively charged "plums" surrounded by positively charged "pudding."

capture or release protons to move between energy levels.

For his atomic theory, which he created after doing several experiments, Dalton used the word atom. His hypothesis, among other things, suggested that any type of matter was made up of 

small indivisible particles and that during chemical reactions they mixed, divided, or rearranged to form compounds. 

The Atomic Theory of Dalton laid the basis of modern chemistry.

the electron, was studied by Rutherford, while Rutherford investigated other ion-producing radiation. First Rutherford looked at ultraviolet radiation and then at uranium-emitted radiation. Uranium placing near thin foils showed to Rutherford that the radiation was more complicated than previously thought: a very thin foil was readily absorbed or obscured by one type, but the same thin foils were also penetrated by another type.

Ernest Rutherford discovered that the molecule, with almost all its 

mass contained in a tiny central nucleus, is largely empty space. The nucleus is positively charged and the negatively charged electrons are encircled at a considerable distance.

the electron by Thomson were suggested based on experimental findings. The planetary model was inspired by Bohr, in which electrons revolved around a positively charged nucleus, like the rings around Saturn, or the planets around the sun.

time , in addition to explaining what would become known as the Schrodinger equation. As well as the Schrodinger equation, this formed the basis of what would come to be known as the Electron Cloud Concept.

The Electron Cloud Model differs from the Bohr Model in that the exact location of an electron is not determined by it. Rather, based on a function of probability, it estimates the possible direction of the electron 's location. 

Basically, the probability function represents a cloud-like area where the electron, hence the term, is expected to be detected. The possibility of having the electron is greater where the cloud is more dense; and where the electron is least likely to be, the cloud is less dense.

https://learnodo-newtonic.com/john-dalton-facts 

Bohr’s model of hydrogen.Khan Academy, accessed october 28,2020

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms-ap/history-of-atomic-structure-ap/a/bohrs-model-of-hydrogen 

Ernest Rutherford. Encylopædia Britannica. Published October 21,2020

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Rutherford 
What Is The Electron Cloud Model?. Universe Today. Published December 06,2016

https://www.universetoday.com/38282/electron-cloud-model/